Elderly Users' Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Self-Service Technology in Fast-Food Restaurants.

While COVID-19 has accelerated digital transformation, increasing labor costs and 52-h workweek rules are replacing human labor with self-service technologies (SSTs). Self-service technology is increasingly being implemented in restaurant settings. However, the elderly, who have relatively lower levels of digital literacy, are being excluded from services that can alleviate the economic and social difficulties of their daily lives. This study thus aims to explain how elderly users feel about and respond to SST in fast-food restaurants. An off-site survey was conducted with individuals who had experience using SST. We analyzed the data using the partial least squares structural equation modeling method by SmartPLS 3.0. The results showed that SST's reduction, perceived ease of use of SST, and perceived time pressure significantly influenced users' negative emotions toward the SST. However, perceived physical condition and perceived crowding did not have significant influences on users' emotions. In empirically investigating individuals' negative emotions toward and coping strategies for challenges posed by SST, this study emphasizes the development of a nationwide digital inclusion policy that can help bridge the digital divide.