Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 20;24(8):7611. doi: 10.3390/ijms24087611.
This research aimed to substantiate the potential practicality of utilizing a matrix-like platform, a novel 3D-printed biomaterial scaffold, to enhance and guide host cells' growth for bone tissue regeneration. The 3D biomaterial scaffold was successfully printed using a 3D Bioplotter (EnvisionTEC, GmBH) and characterized. Osteoblast-like MG63 cells were utilized to culture the novel printed scaffold over a period of 1, 3, and 7 days. Cell adhesion and surface morphology were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy, while cell viability was determined using MTS assay and cell proliferation was evaluated using a Leica microsystem (Leica MZ10 F). The 3D-printed biomaterial scaffold exhibited essential biomineral trace elements that are significant for biological bone (e.g., Ca-P) and were confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The microscopy analyses revealed that the osteoblast-like MG63 cells were attached to the printed scaffold surface. The viability of cultured cells on the control and printed scaffold increased over time ( < 0.05); however, on respective days (1, 3, and 7 days), the viability of cultured cells between the two groups was not significantly different ( > 0.05). The protein (human BMP-7, also known as growth factor) was successfully attached to the surface of the 3D-printed biomaterial scaffold as an initiator of osteogenesis in the site of the induced bone defect. An in vivo study was conducted to substantiate if the novel printed scaffold properties were engineered adequately to mimic the bone regeneration cascade using an induced rabbit critical-sized nasal bone defect. The novel printed scaffold provided a potential pro-regenerative platform, rich in mechanical, topographical, and biological cues to guide and activate host cells toward functional regeneration. The histological studies revealed that there was progress in new bone formation, especially at week 8 of the study, in all induced bone defects. In conclusion, the protein (human BMP-7)-embedded scaffolds showed higher regenerative bone formation potential (week 8 complete) compared to the scaffolds without protein (e.g., growth factor; BMP-7) and the control (empty defect). At 8 weeks postimplantation, protein (BMP-7) significantly promoted osteogenesis as compared to other groups. The scaffold underwent gradual degradation and replacement by new bones at 8 weeks in most defects.
本研究旨在证实利用矩阵状平台（一种新型的 3D 打印生物材料支架）来增强和引导宿主细胞生长以促进骨组织再生的潜在实用性。使用 3D Bioplotter（EnvisionTEC，GmbH）成功打印了 3D 生物材料支架，并对其进行了表征。将成骨样 MG63 细胞用于在 1、3 和 7 天的时间内培养新型打印支架。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和光学显微镜检查细胞黏附性和表面形态，使用 MTS 测定法测定细胞活力，并使用 Leica 显微镜系统（Leica MZ10 F）评估细胞增殖。3D 打印生物材料支架表现出对生物骨（例如 Ca-P）具有重要意义的基本生物矿物质微量元素，并通过能量色散 X 射线（EDX）分析得到证实。显微镜分析表明，成骨样 MG63 细胞附着在打印支架的表面。培养细胞在对照和打印支架上的活力随时间增加（<0.05）；然而，在各自的天数（1、3 和 7 天），两组培养细胞的活力没有显著差异（>0.05）。蛋白质（人 BMP-7，也称为生长因子）成功附着在 3D 打印生物材料支架的表面上，作为诱导骨缺损部位成骨的启动子。进行了一项体内研究，以证实新型打印支架的特性是否经过充分设计，以使用诱导的兔临界尺寸鼻骨缺损来模拟骨再生级联。新型打印支架提供了一个潜在的促再生平台，富含机械、形貌和生物学线索，可引导和激活宿主细胞进行功能再生。组织学研究表明，在所有诱导的骨缺损中，特别是在研究的第 8 周，新骨形成有进展。总之，与不含蛋白质（例如生长因子；BMP-7）和对照（空缺陷）的支架相比，嵌入蛋白质（人 BMP-7）的支架显示出更高的再生骨形成潜力（第 8 周完全）。与其他组相比，植入后 8 周时，支架中的蛋白质（BMP-7）显著促进了成骨作用。在大多数缺陷中，支架在 8 周时逐渐降解并被新骨取代。
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