Nanomaterial-Reinforced Portland-Cement-Based Materials: A Review.

Portland cement (PC) is a material that is indispensable for satisfying recent urban requirements, which demands infrastructure with adequate mechanical and durable properties. In this context, building construction has employed nanomaterials (e.g., oxide metals, carbon, and industrial/agro-industrial waste) as partial replacements for PC to obtain construction materials with better performance than those manufactured using only PC. Therefore, in this study, the properties of fresh and hardened states of nanomaterial-reinforced PC-based materials are reviewed and analyzed in detail. The partial replacement of PC by nanomaterials increases their mechanical properties at early ages and significantly improves their durability against several adverse agents and conditions. Owing to the advantages of nanomaterials as a partial replacement for PC, studies on the mechanical and durability properties for a long-term period are highly necessary.