Haverkamp L J, Oppenheim R W
J Neurosci. 1986 May;6(5):1332-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-05-01332.1986.
Embryos of Xenopus laevis and Ambystoma mexicanum were continually immobilized from premotile stages of development to stages at which normally reared embryos were swimming well. Immobilization was achieved through exposure to solutions of chloretone, lidocaine, or alpha-bungarotoxin. At a number of stages after recovery from the drugs, spontaneous and stimulated behaviors were extensively quantified. Immobilization of Ambystoma embryos resulted in temporary defects in musculoskeletal development. In contrast, treated Xenopus embryos could not be distinguished from controls by simple visual observation within minutes to hours after removal from the drug solutions. Quantifications of behavior revealed, however, a transient period of 24-48 hr during which treated embryos exhibited consistently reduced measures of stimulated swimming, while showing an increase in frequency of spontaneous movements. Detailed behavioral testing could detect no permanent effects of chronic immobilization in either species after this initial period of recovery. The results are discussed in reference to the classic works of Harrison (1904), Carmichael (1926, 1927), and Matthews and Detwiler (1926).
非洲爪蟾和墨西哥钝口螈的胚胎从发育的运动前期阶段到正常饲养的胚胎能够良好游泳的阶段，一直处于固定状态。通过暴露于氯醛、利多卡因或α-银环蛇毒素溶液中来实现固定。在从药物中恢复后的多个阶段，对自发行为和刺激行为进行了广泛的量化。钝口螈胚胎的固定导致肌肉骨骼发育出现暂时缺陷。相比之下，在从药物溶液中取出后的数分钟到数小时内，通过简单的视觉观察，经处理的非洲爪蟾胚胎与对照胚胎没有区别。然而，行为量化显示，在24至48小时的短暂时期内，经处理的胚胎表现出受刺激游泳的指标持续降低，同时自发运动的频率增加。在最初的恢复阶段之后，详细的行为测试未发现慢性固定对这两个物种有任何永久性影响。将结合哈里森（1904年）、卡迈克尔（1926年、1927年）以及马修斯和德特维勒（1926年）的经典著作来讨论这些结果。
