Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
J Health Popul Nutr. 2023 May 6;42(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s41043-023-00381-7.
Breast milk (BM) is a dynamic fluid that varies over time and between women. The variations in BM components are most likely associated with maternal diet quality. This study aimed to assess adherence to a low carbohydrate dietary (LCD) pattern with oxidative stress markers of BM characteristics and infants' urine.
In this cross-sectional study 350 breastfeeding mothers and their infants were recruited. BM samples were collected from mothers, and urine specimens were obtained from each infant. To evaluate LCD scores, subjects were divided into 10 deciles according to the percent of energy obtained from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Determination of total antioxidant activity was conducted using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and Ellman's assay. Biochemical assays of samples including calcium, total protein, and triglyceride level were also performed using commercial kits.
Participants with the greatest LCD pattern adherence were placed into the last quartile (Q4), and those with the minimum LCD were in the first quartile (Q1). Individuals in the highest LCD quartile had significantly higher levels of milk FRAP, thiol, and protein, as well as infant urinary FRAP and lower milk MDA levels than those in the lowest quartile. Multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that higher score of the LCD pattern was associated with a higher level of milk thiol, protein, and lower level of milk MDA (p < 0.05).
Our findings show that adherence to a LCD, as defined by a low level of carbohydrates in daily food intake, is linked with improved BM quality and markers of oxidative stress in infant urine.
母乳是一种随时间和个体变化的动态液体。母乳成分的变化很可能与母亲的饮食质量有关。本研究旨在评估低碳水化合物饮食（LCD）模式与母乳特征和婴儿尿液的氧化应激标志物的相关性。
在这项横断面研究中，招募了 350 名母乳喂养的母亲及其婴儿。从母亲采集母乳样本，从每个婴儿采集尿液样本。为了评估 LCD 评分，根据碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪所提供的能量百分比，将研究对象分为 10 个十分位数。使用铁还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）、2,2'-二苯基-1-苦基肼基（DPPH）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（TBARs）和 Ellman 测定法测定总抗氧化活性。使用商业试剂盒还对样本的生化指标（包括钙、总蛋白和甘油三酯水平）进行了测定。
具有最大 LCD 模式依从性的参与者被归入最后一个四分位数（Q4），而具有最小 LCD 模式依从性的参与者被归入第一个四分位数（Q1）。处于最高 LCD 四分位数的个体的母乳 FRAP、硫醇和蛋白质水平以及婴儿尿液 FRAP 显著更高，而母乳 MDA 水平显著更低，与处于最低四分位数的个体相比。多变量线性回归分析表明，LCD 模式评分越高，母乳硫醇、蛋白质水平越高，母乳 MDA 水平越低（p < 0.05）。
我们的研究结果表明，遵循低水平碳水化合物的 LCD 模式与改善母乳质量和婴儿尿液中的氧化应激标志物有关。
