Biopharmaceutical Research Lab, Anusandhan Kendra-1, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Biopharmaceutical Research Lab, Anusandhan Kendra-1, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2023 Jul 1;242(Pt 1):124771. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124771. Epub 2023 May 9.
Snake envenomation is a life-threatening disease caused by the injection of venom toxins from the venomous snake bite. Snakebite is often defined as the occupational or domestic hazard mostly affecting the rural population. India experiences a high number of envenoming cases and fatality due to the nation's diversity in inhabiting venomous snakes. The Indian Big Four snakes namely Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), spectacled cobra (Naja naja), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), and saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) are responsible for majority of the snake envenoming cases and death. The demographic characteristics including occupation, stringent snake habitat management, poor healthcare facilities and ignorance of the rural victims are the primary influencers of high mortality. Biogeographic venom variation greatly influences the clinical pathologies of snake envenomation. The current antivenoms against the Big Four snakes are found to be less immunogenic against the venom toxins emphasizing the necessity of alternative approaches for antivenom generation. This review summarizes the burden of snake envenomation in India by the Big Four snakes including the geographic distribution of snake species and biogeographic venom variation. We have provided comprehensive information on snake venom proteomics that has aided the better understanding of venom induced pathological features, summarized the impact of current polyvalent antivenom therapy highlighting the need for potential antivenom treatment for the effective management of snakebites.
蛇伤是一种由毒蛇咬伤时注入的毒液毒素引起的危及生命的疾病。蛇伤通常被定义为职业或家庭危害，主要影响农村人口。印度由于栖息着多种毒蛇，因此蛇伤病例和死亡率都很高。印度四大毒蛇，即罗素蝰蛇（Daboia russelii）、眼镜蛇（Naja naja）、普通金环蛇（Bungarus caeruleus）和锯鳞蝰蛇（Echis carinatus），是导致大多数蛇伤病例和死亡的主要原因。人口统计学特征，包括职业、严格的蛇栖息地管理、医疗设施差以及农村受害者的无知，是高死亡率的主要影响因素。生物地理毒液变异极大地影响了蛇伤的临床病理。针对这四大毒蛇的抗蛇毒血清发现其对毒液毒素的免疫原性较低，这强调了需要替代方法来产生抗蛇毒血清。这篇综述总结了印度四大毒蛇（包括蛇种的地理分布和生物地理毒液变异）造成的蛇伤负担。我们提供了关于蛇毒蛋白质组学的全面信息，这有助于更好地了解毒液引起的病理特征，总结了目前多价抗蛇毒血清治疗的影响，强调了需要潜在的抗蛇毒血清治疗来有效管理蛇咬伤。
