Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 8;24(9):8413. doi: 10.3390/ijms24098413.
The growing number of reports indicating unfavorable outcomes for human health upon environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) have focused attention on the threat to the general population posed by this heavy metal. The kidney is a target organ during chronic Cd intoxication. The aim of this article was to critically review the available literature on the impact of the current levels of environmental exposure to this xenobiotic in industrialized countries on the kidney, and to evaluate the associated risk of organ damage, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Based on a comprehensive review of the available data, we recognized that the observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of Cd concentration in the blood and urine for clinically relevant kidney damage (glomerular dysfunction) are 0.18 μg/L and 0.27 μg/g creatinine, respectively, whereas the lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) are >0.18 μg/L and >0.27 μg/g creatinine, respectively, which are within the lower range of concentrations noted in inhabitants of industrialized countries. In conclusion, the current levels of environmental exposure to Cd may increase the risk of clinically relevant kidney damage, resulting in, or at least contributing to, the development of CKD.
越来越多的报告表明，人类在环境中接触镉（Cd）会对健康产生不利影响，这引起了人们对这种重金属对普通人群构成的威胁的关注。肾脏是慢性镉中毒的靶器官。本文旨在批判性地回顾现有关于工业化国家环境中当前水平的这种外源性物质暴露对肾脏的影响的文献，并评估与器官损伤相关的风险，包括慢性肾脏病（CKD）。通过对现有数据的综合回顾，我们认识到血液和尿液中与临床相关的肾脏损伤（肾小球功能障碍）的观察到的无不良效应水平（NOAEL）分别为 0.18μg/L 和 0.27μg/g 肌酐，而观察到的最低不良效应水平（LOAEL）分别为>0.18μg/L 和>0.27μg/g 肌酐，这分别处于工业化国家居民所记录的浓度范围内。总之，目前环境中 Cd 的暴露可能会增加与临床相关的肾脏损伤的风险，导致或至少促成 CKD 的发生。
