Rangel-Vázquez I, Del Angel G, Ramos-Ramírez E, González F, Acevedo-Peña Próspero, Gómez C Martínez, Tzompantzi F, Gutiérrez-Ortega Norma, Torres-Torres J G
Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato de la Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, Gto Guanajuato C. P. 36050 Mexico
Departamento de Química Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco, Núm. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1 A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa C.P. 09310 Ciudad de México México.
RSC Adv. 2023 May 11;13(20):13862-13879. doi: 10.1039/d3ra01910a. eCollection 2023 May 2.
In this work, we present the synthesis of TiO photocatalysts modified with different % mol of tin using the sol-gel method. The materials were characterized using different analytical techniques. The Rietveld refinement, XPS, Raman and UV-Vis techniques confirm the substitution of tin in the TiO structural lattice due to changes in crystal lattice parameters, the low-energy shift of the Sn 3d orbital, generation of oxygen vacancies and the decreased band gap and increased BET surface area. The material with 1 mol% tin shows superior catalytic activity compared to the references for the degradation of 40 ppm 4-chlorophenol (3 hours of reaction) and 50 ppm phenol (6 hours of reaction). Reactions fit pseudo first order kinetics in both instances. The increase in photodegradation efficiency was attributed to the generation of energy levels below the TiO conduction band caused by the incorporation of 1% mol of tin, oxygen vacancies, and the heterojunction formed between the brookite-anatase-rutile, causing inhibition of the recombination of the electron (e) and hole (h) photogenerated species. The easy synthesis, low cost and increased photodegradation efficiency of the photocatalyst with 1 mol% tin have the potential to favor the remediation of recalcitrant compounds in water.
在本工作中，我们展示了采用溶胶-凝胶法合成用不同摩尔百分比的锡改性的TiO光催化剂。使用不同的分析技术对材料进行了表征。Rietveld精修、XPS、拉曼和紫外-可见技术证实，由于晶格参数的变化、Sn 3d轨道的低能位移、氧空位的产生以及带隙减小和BET表面积增加，锡取代了TiO结构晶格中的位置。与用于降解40 ppm 4-氯苯酚（反应3小时）和50 ppm苯酚（反应6小时）的参比物相比，含1 mol%锡的材料表现出优异的催化活性。在这两种情况下，反应均符合准一级动力学。光降解效率的提高归因于掺入1%摩尔的锡、氧空位以及在板钛矿-锐钛矿-金红石之间形成的异质结导致在TiO导带以下产生能级，从而抑制了光生电子（e）和空穴（h）物种的复合。含1 mol%锡的光催化剂易于合成、成本低且光降解效率提高，有可能有利于水中难降解化合物的修复。
