Sun He-Li, Chen Pen, Feng Yuan, Si Tong Leong, Lam Mei Ieng, Lok Ka-In, Chow Ines Hang Iao, Su Zhaohui, Cheung Teris, Tang Yi-Lang, Jackson Todd, Sha Sha, Xiang Yu-Tao
Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR,, China.
Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
Front Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 26;14:1159542. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1159542. eCollection 2023.
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak affected people's lifestyles and increased their risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms (depression and anxiety, respectively hereafter). We assessed depression and anxiety in residents of Macau during "the 6.18 COVID-19 outbreak" period and explored inter-connections of different symptoms from the perspective of network analysis.
In this cross-sectional study, 1,008 Macau residents completed an online survey comprising the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) to measure depression and anxiety, respectively. Central and bridge symptoms of the depression-anxiety network model were evaluated based on Expected Influence (EI) statistics, while a bootstrap procedure was used to test the stability and accuracy of the network model.
Descriptive analyses indicated the prevalence of depression was 62.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 59.47-65.44%], the prevalence of anxiety was 50.2% [95%CI = 47.12-53.28%], and 45.1% [95%CI = 42.09-48.22%] of participants experienced comorbid depression and anxiety. "Nervousness-Uncontrollable worry" (GADC) (EI = 1.15), "Irritability" (GAD6) (EI = 1.03), and "Excessive worry" (GAD3) (EI = 1.02) were the most central symptoms, while "Irritability" (GAD6) (bridge EI = 0.43), "restlessness" (GAD5) (bridge EI = 0.35), and "Sad Mood" (PHQ2) (bridge EI = 0.30) were key bridge symptoms that emerged in the network model.
Nearly half of residents in Macau experienced comorbid depression and anxiety during the 6.18 COVID-19 outbreak. Central and bridge symptoms identified in this network analysis are plausible, specific targets for treatment and prevention of comorbid depression and anxiety related to this outbreak.
2019年新型冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疫情影响了人们的生活方式，并增加了他们出现抑郁和焦虑症状（以下分别称为抑郁症和焦虑症）的风险。我们评估了“6·18 COVID-19疫情”期间澳门居民的抑郁和焦虑情况，并从网络分析的角度探讨了不同症状之间的相互联系。
在这项横断面研究中，1008名澳门居民完成了一项在线调查，该调查包括分别用于测量抑郁和焦虑的九项患者健康问卷（PHQ-9）和七项广泛性焦虑障碍量表（GAD-7）。基于预期影响（EI）统计评估抑郁-焦虑网络模型的中心症状和桥梁症状，同时使用自助法检验网络模型的稳定性和准确性。
描述性分析表明，抑郁症的患病率为62.5%[95%置信区间（CI）=59.47-65.44%]，焦虑症的患病率为50.2%[95%CI=47.12-53.28%]，45.1%[95%CI=42.09-48.22%]的参与者同时患有抑郁症和焦虑症。“紧张-无法控制的担忧”（GADC）（EI=1.15）、“易怒”（GAD6）（EI=1.03）和“过度担忧”（GAD3）（EI=1.02）是最核心的症状，而“易怒”（GAD6）（桥梁EI=0.43）、“坐立不安”（GAD5）（桥梁EI=0.35）和“悲伤情绪”（PHQ2）（桥梁EI=0.30）是网络模型中出现的关键桥梁症状。
在6·18 COVID-19疫情期间，近一半的澳门居民同时患有抑郁症和焦虑症。该网络分析中确定的中心症状和桥梁症状是治疗和预防与此次疫情相关的抑郁症和焦虑症共病的合理且具体的目标。
