School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Research Centre on Aging, Eastern Townships Integrated University Centre for Health & Social Services - Sherbrooke Hospital University Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2024 Apr-Jun;45(2):323-344. doi: 10.1080/02701960.2023.2210521. Epub 2023 May 15.
Age-related social biases - ageism - are developed at an early age. Interventions to counter ageism have been identified but little is known about their mechanisms, particularly in children. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of which interventions in youths are most effective, under which circumstances, how, and with what outcomes. Using 46 keywords in 6 databases, a realist review identified 24 studies published between 2000 and 2022 targeting youths under 18. A content analysis of these studies led to the construction of a Context-Mechanisms-Outcomes explanatory model. Contextual facilitators triggering mechanisms for changing stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination were: 1) enhancing knowledge about aging and older adults by providing nuanced information, 2) improving the quality of intergenerational contacts, 3) increasing opportunities to apply previously acquired knowledge in intergenerational interactions, and 4) promoting reflective thinking about experiences with older adults. However, stereotypes and prejudices appeared to be resistant and changes difficult to generalize. Insufficiently advanced cognitive development in children or viewing healthy and socially engaged older adults as unrepresentative of their age group were obstacles that reduced intervention effectiveness. Future studies should explore how advancing age influences interventions as well as the characteristics of older adults involved.
与年龄相关的社会偏见——年龄歧视——早在年轻时就形成了。已经确定了一些干预措施来抵制年龄歧视，但对于它们的机制，特别是在儿童中，知之甚少。本研究旨在全面了解针对青少年的哪些干预措施最有效、在哪些情况下、如何以及有哪些结果。使用 6 个数据库中的 46 个关键词，一项现实主义综述确定了 2000 年至 2022 年间针对 18 岁以下青少年的 24 项研究。对这些研究进行内容分析，构建了一个情境-机制-结果解释模型。引发改变刻板印象、偏见和歧视的机制的情境促进因素有：1）通过提供细致的信息，增强对衰老和老年人的了解；2）改善代际接触的质量；3）增加在代际互动中应用先前获得的知识的机会；4）促进对与老年人的经历的反思性思考。然而，刻板印象和偏见似乎具有抵抗力，而且很难推广改变。儿童认知发展不够先进，或者认为健康和社会参与的老年人不能代表他们的年龄组，这些都是降低干预效果的障碍。未来的研究应该探索年龄的增长如何影响干预措施以及所涉及的老年人的特征。
