Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
J Vis. 2023 May 2;23(5):14. doi: 10.1167/jov.23.5.14.
Human decision-making and self-reflection often depend on context and internal biases. For instance, decisions are often influenced by preceding choices, regardless of their relevance. It remains unclear how choice history influences different levels of the decision-making hierarchy. We used analyses grounded in information and detection theories to estimate the relative strength of perceptual and metacognitive history biases and to investigate whether they emerge from common/unique mechanisms. Although both perception and metacognition tended to be biased toward previous responses, we observed novel dissociations that challenge normative theories of confidence. Different evidence levels often informed perceptual and metacognitive decisions within observers, and response history distinctly influenced first- (perceptual) and second- (metacognitive) order decision-parameters, with the metacognitive bias likely to be strongest and most prevalent in the general population. We propose that recent choices and subjective confidence represent heuristics, which inform first- and second-order decisions in the absence of more relevant evidence.
人类的决策和自我反思往往取决于上下文和内部偏见。例如，决策往往受到先前选择的影响，而不管其相关性如何。目前尚不清楚选择历史如何影响决策层次的不同级别。我们使用基于信息和检测理论的分析来估计感知和元认知历史偏差的相对强度，并研究它们是否来自共同/独特的机制。尽管感知和元认知都倾向于偏向先前的反应，但我们观察到了新的分离，这挑战了信心的规范理论。不同的证据水平经常在观察者内部为感知和元认知决策提供信息，并且响应历史明显影响第一（感知）和第二（元认知）阶决策参数，元认知偏差在一般人群中可能最强且最普遍。我们提出，最近的选择和主观信心代表启发式，在缺乏更相关证据的情况下，为一阶和二阶决策提供信息。
