Chacón-Barrantes Silvia, Rivera-Cerdas Fabio, Murillo-Gutiérrez Anthony
SINAMOT Program, National University Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Bull Volcanol. 2023;85(6):36. doi: 10.1007/s00445-023-01648-x. Epub 2023 May 12.
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai had a large eruption (VEI 5-6) on 15 January 2022, which caused a tsunami recorded in all ocean basins. Costa Rica has made many advances in tsunami preparation over the past 9 years since the creation of SINAMOT (, National Tsunami Monitoring System), both on watch and warning protocols and on community preparedness. For the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai event, the government declared a low-threat warning, suspending all in-water activities, even though the country did not receive any official warning from PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) due to the lack of procedures for tsunamis generated by volcanoes. The tsunami was observed at 24 locations on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica, becoming the second most recorded tsunami in the country, after the 1991 Limon tsunami along the Caribbean coast. At 22 of those locations along the continental Pacific coast, observations were made by eyewitnesses, including one collocated with the sea level station at Quepos, which registered the tsunami. At Cocos Island (~ 500 km southwest of the continental Costa Rica, in the Pacific Ocean), several eyewitnesses reported the tsunami at two locations, and it was recorded at the sea level station. The tsunami was also recorded at the sea level station on the Caribbean coast. The tsunami effects reported were a combination of sea level fluctuations, strong currents, and coastal erosion, proving that the response actions were adequate for the size of the tsunami. Tsunami preparedness and the largest waves arriving during a dry season Saturday afternoon allowed the large number of eyewitness reports. This event then increased tsunami awareness in the country and tested protocols and procedures. Still, many people along the coast were not informed of the tsunami during the alert due to their remote location, the short notice of the warning, and a lack of procedures for some communities. There is thus still much work to do, particularly about warning dissemination, a direction in which communities should take an active role.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-023-01648-x.
2022年1月15日，洪阿哈阿帕伊岛发生了一次大规模火山喷发（火山爆发指数5 - 6级），引发了一场在所有大洋盆地都有记录的海啸。自国家海啸监测系统（SINAMOT）创建以来的过去9年里，哥斯达黎加在海啸防备方面取得了许多进展，涵盖监测与预警协议以及社区防备等方面。对于洪阿哈阿帕伊岛事件，尽管由于缺乏针对火山引发海啸的相关程序，该国未收到太平洋海啸预警中心（PTWC）的任何官方预警，但政府仍发布了低威胁预警，暂停了所有水上活动。在哥斯达黎加太平洋和加勒比海岸的24个地点观测到了此次海啸，使其成为该国记录次数第二多的海啸，仅次于1991年加勒比海岸的利蒙海啸。在太平洋沿岸大陆的22个地点，有目击者进行了观测，其中一处与克波斯的海平面监测站同址，该监测站记录到了海啸。在科科斯岛（位于哥斯达黎加大陆西南约500公里处的太平洋海域），有几名目击者在两个地点报告了海啸情况，并且在海平面监测站也有记录。加勒比海岸的海平面监测站也记录到了此次海啸。所报告的海啸影响包括海平面波动、强流和海岸侵蚀，这证明应对行动对于此次海啸的规模是足够的。海啸防备措施以及在旱季周六下午到来的最大海浪使得出现了大量目击者报告。此次事件提高了该国对海啸的认识，并对相关协议和程序进行了检验。然而，由于沿海许多地区位置偏远、预警通知时间短以及一些社区缺乏相关程序，在警报期间仍有许多人未被告知海啸情况。因此仍有许多工作要做，特别是在警报传播方面，社区应在这方面发挥积极作用。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s00445 - 023 - 01648 - x获取的补充材料。
