Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene in sunscreen products marketed in the United States.

Occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene in personal care products is a topic of public health concern. Sunscreen products are extensively used to protect skin and hair from UV radiation from sun light. Nevertheless, little is known about exposure doses and risks of VOCs present in sunscreens. In this study, we determined the concentrations of and exposure to three VOCs, namely benzene, toluene and styrene, in 50 sunscreen products marketed in the United States. Benzene, toluene and styrene were found in 80 %, 92 % and 58 %, respectively, of the samples analyzed at mean concentrations of 45.8 ng/g (range: 0.007-862), 89.0 ng/g (range: 0.006-470) and 161 ng/g (range: 0.006-1650), respectively. The mean dermal exposure doses (DEDs) to benzene, toluene and styrene of children/teenagers were 68.3, 133 and 441 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively, whereas those of adults were 48.7, 94.6 and 171 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk from benzene concentrations present in 22 sunscreen products (44 % of the samples) for children/teenagers and 19 sunscreen products (38 %) for adults, exceeded the acceptable benchmark risk level (1.0 × 10). This is the first study to comprehensively assess the concentrations of and risks to benzene, toluene and styrene present in sunscreen products.