Injectable Self-Setting Ternary Calcium-Based Bone Cement Promotes Bone Repair.

Bone defects, especially large ones, are clinically difficult to treat. The development of new bone repair materials exhibits broad application prospects in the clinical treatment of trauma. Bioceramics are considered to be one of the most promising biomaterials owing to their good biocompatibility and bone conductivity. In this study, a self-curing bone repair material having a controlled degradation rate was prepared by mixing calcium citrate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and semi-hydrated calcium sulfate in varying proportions, and its properties were comprehensively evaluated. In vitro cell experiments and RNA sequencing showed that the composite cement activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways to promote osteogenesis by promoting the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. In a rat model with femoral condyle defects, the composite bone cement showed excellent bone repair effect and promoted bone regeneration. The injectable properties of the composite cement further improved its practical applicability, and it can be applied in bone repair, especially in the repair of irregular bone defects, to achieve superior healing.