Motorcycle emergency steering assistance: A systematic approach from system definition to benefit estimation and exploratory field testing.

Braking assistance systems are already contributing to improving motorcyclists' safety, however, research on emergency systems acting on the steering is lacking. These systems, already available for passenger cars, could prevent or mitigate motorcycle crashes in which safety functions based only on braking are ineffective. The first research question was to quantify the safety impact of diverse emergency assistance systems acting on the steering of a motorcycle. For the most promising system, the second research question was to assess the feasibility of its intervention using a real motorcycle. Three emergency steering assistance systems were defined in terms of Functionality, Purpose, and Applicability: Motorcycle Curve Assist (MCA), Motorcycle Stabilisation (MS), and Motorcycle Autonomous Emergency Steering (MAES). Experts evaluated each system's applicability and effectiveness based on the specific crash configuration (using Definitions for Classifying Accidents - DCA), the Knowledge-Based system of Motorcycle Safety (KBMS), and the In-Depth Crash Reconstruction (IDCR). An experimental campaign was conducted with an instrumented motorcycle to assess the rider's reaction to external steering input. A surrogate method for an active steering assistance system imparted external steering torques in correspondence with a lane change to analyse the effect of the steering inputs on motorcycle dynamics and rider controllability. MAES globally got the best score for each assessment method. MS received better evaluations than MCA in two out of three methods. The union of the three systems covered a sizeable fraction of the crashes considered (maximum score in 22.8% of the cases). An estimation of the injury potential mitigation, based on injury risk functions for motorcyclists, was made for the most promising system (MAES). The field test data and video footage showed no instability or loss of control, despite the high intensity (>20Nm) of the external steering input. The rider interviews confirmed that the external action was intense but manageable. For the first time, this study presents an exploratory assessment of the applicability, benefits, and feasibility of motorcycle safety functions acting on the steering. MAES, in particular, was found applicable to a relevant share of crashes involving motorcycles. Remarkably, applying an external action to produce a lateral avoidance manoeuvre proved feasible in a real-world test setting.