, São Paulo, Brazil.
Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Am J Psychoanal. 2023 Jun;83(2):231-249. doi: 10.1057/s11231-023-09407-9.
This theoretical paper discusses three variations on the death drive, developed by Sándor Ferenczi. We present a brief history of the use of the term death drive among the first psychoanalysts and argue that, as early as 1913, the notion is used by Ferenczi and serves as a conceptual background for his thinking. During the 1920s, Ferenczi revisits part of this concept, focusing on what he identifies as a primacy of self-destruction. The destructive drive gains an adaptive character responsible for the mortification of parts of the individual, in exchange for the survival of the whole. In this variation, the tendency to regress also arises as the self-destruction drive and the acceptance of unpleasure involves a psychic "reckoning-machine." In the final variation, left unfinished, the death drive at times receives new names, like drive for "conciliation," and at others, the very idea of the death drive is criticized.
这篇理论论文探讨了桑多尔·费伦齐提出的死亡驱力的三种变体。我们简要回顾了第一代精神分析学家中使用“死亡驱力”一词的历史，并认为早在 1913 年，费伦齐就使用了这一概念，将其作为自己思想的概念背景。在 20 世纪 20 年代，费伦齐重新审视了这一概念的一部分，重点关注他所认为的自我毁灭的首要地位。破坏驱力获得了一种适应特征，负责对个体的部分进行弱化，以换取整体的生存。在这种变体中，退行倾向也随着自我毁灭驱力的出现而产生，而接受不愉快则涉及到一种心理“算账机器”。在最后一种未完成的变体中，死亡驱力有时会被赋予新的名称，如“和解驱力”，而在其他时候，死亡驱力的概念本身也会受到批评。
