Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland.
Inflammation. 2023 Oct;46(5):1739-1748. doi: 10.1007/s10753-023-01837-y. Epub 2023 May 25.
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) is a new brominated flame retardant (BFR) used as a replacement of classic BFR, such as tetrabromobisphenol A. TBC is supposed to be safer than classic BFRs, but reports show that it may induce a similar toxic effect. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the impact of TBC on the inflammation and activation of the apoptosis process in mouse cortical astrocytes in vitro. Our results have shown that TBC increases caspase-1 and caspase-3 activity in mouse astrocytes in vitro, which suggests inflammation-induced apoptosis. Further analyses have revealed that TBC indeed increases the level of inflammation markers, e.g. Cat, IL-1β and IL-1βR1 proteins, but decreases the level of proliferation marker protein Ki67. However, our study has demonstrated that TBC does not change the morphology of astrocytes and does not increase the number of apoptotic bodies - a well-established marker of late apoptosis. Moreover, the concentration of 50 µM TBC also increases caspase-3 activity with no formation of apoptotic bodies. However, since 10 and 50 µM TBC have never been detected in living organisms, we can assume that the compound is safe at the low concentrations that are detected.
三（2,3-二溴丙基）异氰尿酸酯（TBC 或 TDBP-TAZTO）是一种新型溴化阻燃剂（BFR），用作经典 BFR（如四溴双酚 A）的替代品。TBC 被认为比经典 BFR 更安全，但报告表明它可能会产生类似的毒性作用。因此，本研究旨在确定 TBC 对体外培养的小鼠皮质星形胶质细胞炎症和细胞凋亡过程激活的影响。我们的研究结果表明，TBC 增加了体外培养的小鼠星形胶质细胞中 caspase-1 和 caspase-3 的活性，提示炎症诱导的细胞凋亡。进一步的分析表明，TBC 确实增加了炎症标志物的水平，例如 Cat、IL-1β 和 IL-1βR1 蛋白，但降低了增殖标志物蛋白 Ki67 的水平。然而，我们的研究表明，TBC 不会改变星形胶质细胞的形态，也不会增加凋亡小体的数量 - 凋亡后期的一个公认标志物。此外，浓度为 50µM 的 TBC 也会增加 caspase-3 的活性，而不会形成凋亡小体。然而，由于在活生物体中从未检测到 10 和 50µM 的 TBC，因此我们可以假设在检测到的低浓度下该化合物是安全的。
