Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
Molecules. 2023 Mar 3;28(5):2337. doi: 10.3390/molecules28052337.
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) belongs to the class of novel brominated flame retardants (NFBRs) that are widely used in industry. It has commonly been found in the environment, and its presence has been discovered in living organisms as well. TBC is also described as an endocrine disruptor that is able to affect male reproductive processes through the estrogen receptors (ERs) engaged in the male reproductive processes. With the worsening problem of male infertility in humans, a mechanism is being sought to explain such reproductive difficulties. However, so far, little is known about the mechanism of action of TBC in male reproductive models in vitro. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of TBC alone and in cotreatment with BHPI (estrogen receptor antagonist), 17β-estradiol (E), and letrozole on the basic metabolic parameters in mouse spermatogenic cells (GC-1 spg) in vitro, as well as the effect of TBC on mRNA expression (, , , , and ). The presented results show the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of high micromolar concentrations of TBC on mouse spermatogenic cells. Moreover, an increase in mRNA levels and a decrease in and gene expression were observed in GS-1spg cells cotreated with E. These results suggest the significant involvement of TBC in the dysregulation of the steroid-based pathway in the male reproductive cell models in vitro and may be the cause of the currently observed deterioration of male fertility. However, more research is needed to reveal the full mechanism of TBC engagement in this phenomenon.
三（2，3-二溴丙基）异氰尿酸酯（TBC）属于新型溴化阻燃剂（NFBRs）类别，广泛应用于工业中。它在环境中普遍存在，也在生物体中被发现。TBC 还被描述为一种内分泌干扰物，能够通过参与男性生殖过程的雌激素受体（ERs）影响男性生殖过程。随着人类男性不育问题的恶化，人们正在寻找一种机制来解释这种生殖困难。然而，到目前为止，对于 TBC 在体外男性生殖模型中的作用机制知之甚少。因此，本研究的目的是评估 TBC 单独作用以及与 BHPI（雌激素受体拮抗剂）、17β-雌二醇（E）和来曲唑共同作用对体外小鼠生殖细胞（GC-1 spg）基本代谢参数的影响，以及 TBC 对 mRNA 表达（、、、和）的影响。研究结果表明，高微摩尔浓度的 TBC 对小鼠生殖细胞具有细胞毒性和凋亡作用。此外，在与 E 共同处理的 GS-1spg 细胞中观察到 mRNA 水平升高和 和 基因表达降低。这些结果表明 TBC 可能参与了体外雄性生殖细胞模型中类固醇途径的失调，这可能是目前观察到的男性生育力恶化的原因。然而，需要进一步的研究来揭示 TBC 参与这一现象的全部机制。
