Bonetto Valentina, Grilli Mariagrazia
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
Front Mol Biosci. 2023 May 9;10:1187263. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1187263. eCollection 2023.
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are self-renewing and multipotent cells of the central nervous system where they give rise to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes both during embryogenesis and throughout adulthood, although only in a few discrete niches. NSPC can integrate and send a plethora of signals not only within the local microenvironment but also at distance, including the systemic macroenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently envisioned as main players in cell-cell communication in basic and translational neuroscience where they are emerging as an acellular alternative in regenerative medicine. At present NSPC-derived EVs represent a largely unexplored area compared to EVs from other neural sources and EVs from other stem cells, i.e., mesenchymal stem cells. On the other hand, available data suggest that NSPC-derived EVs can play key roles on neurodevelopmental and adult neurogenesis, and they are endowed with neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties, and even endocrine functions. In this review we specifically highlight major neurogenic and "non-neurogenic" properties of NSPC-EVs, the current knowledge on their peculiar cargos and their potential translational value.
神经干/祖细胞（NSPCs）是中枢神经系统中具有自我更新能力和多能性的细胞，在胚胎发育期间和整个成年期，它们可分化产生神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞，不过仅在少数离散的微环境中如此。NSPC不仅能在局部微环境中整合并发出大量信号，还能在远处发出信号，包括全身宏观环境。细胞外囊泡（EVs）目前被视为基础神经科学和转化神经科学中细胞间通讯的主要参与者，在再生医学中它们正作为一种无细胞替代物崭露头角。目前，与来自其他神经来源的EVs以及来自其他干细胞（即间充质干细胞）的EVs相比，源自NSPC的EVs仍是一个很大程度上未被探索的领域。另一方面，现有数据表明，源自NSPC的EVs在神经发育和成年神经发生中可发挥关键作用，它们具有神经保护和免疫调节特性，甚至还具有内分泌功能。在本综述中，我们特别强调了NSPC-EVs的主要神经源性和“非神经源性”特性、关于其独特货物的当前知识及其潜在的转化价值。
