Naletova Irina, Tomasello Barbara, Attanasio Francesco, Pleshkan Victor V
Institute of Crystallography, National Council of Research, CNR, S.S. Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
Pharmaceutics. 2023 Apr 27;15(5):1346. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051346.
Immunotherapy is among the most effective approaches for treating cancer. One of the key aspects for successful immunotherapy is to achieve a strong and stable antitumor immune response. Modern immune checkpoint therapy demonstrates that cancer can be defeated. However, it also points out the weaknesses of immunotherapy, as not all tumors respond to therapy and the co-administration of different immunomodulators may be severely limited due to their systemic toxicity. Nevertheless, there is an established way through which to increase the immunogenicity of immunotherapy-by the use of adjuvants. These enhance the immune response without inducing such severe adverse effects. One of the most well-known and studied adjuvant strategies to improve immunotherapy efficacy is the use of metal-based compounds, in more modern implementation-metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs), which are exogenous agents that act as danger signals. Adding innate immune activation to the main action of an immunomodulator makes it capable of eliciting a robust anti-cancer immune response. The use of an adjuvant has the peculiarity of a local administration of the drug, which positively affects its safety. In this review, we will consider the use of MNPs as low-toxicity adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy, which could provide an abscopal effect when administered locally.
免疫疗法是治疗癌症最有效的方法之一。成功进行免疫疗法的关键因素之一是实现强大而稳定的抗肿瘤免疫反应。现代免疫检查点疗法表明癌症是可以被战胜的。然而，它也指出了免疫疗法的弱点，因为并非所有肿瘤都对治疗有反应，而且由于不同免疫调节剂的全身毒性，它们的联合使用可能会受到严重限制。尽管如此，有一种既定的方法可以提高免疫疗法的免疫原性——使用佐剂。这些佐剂可增强免疫反应而不引起如此严重的不良反应。提高免疫疗法疗效最著名且研究最多的佐剂策略之一是使用金属基化合物，在更现代的应用中是金属基纳米颗粒（MNPs），它们作为外源性物质充当危险信号。在免疫调节剂的主要作用基础上增加固有免疫激活，使其能够引发强大的抗癌免疫反应。使用佐剂的特点是药物局部给药，这对其安全性有积极影响。在这篇综述中，我们将探讨MNPs作为癌症免疫疗法的低毒性佐剂的应用，局部给药时它们可能产生远隔效应。
