Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK.
Guia Marine Laboratory, MARE, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2023 Jul 17;378(1881):20220199. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0199. Epub 2023 May 29.
Estimating biodiversity change across the planet in the context of widespread human modification is a critical challenge. Here, we review how biodiversity has changed in recent decades across scales and taxonomic groups, focusing on four diversity metrics: species richness, temporal turnover, spatial beta-diversity and abundance. At local scales, change across all metrics includes many examples of both increases and declines and tends to be centred around zero, but with higher prevalence of declining trends in beta-diversity (increasing similarity in composition across space or biotic homogenization) and abundance. The exception to this pattern is temporal turnover, with changes in species composition through time observed in most local assemblages. Less is known about change at regional scales, although several studies suggest that increases in richness are more prevalent than declines. Change at the global scale is the hardest to estimate accurately, but most studies suggest extinction rates are probably outpacing speciation rates, although both are elevated. Recognizing this variability is essential to accurately portray how biodiversity change is unfolding, and highlights how much remains unknown about the magnitude and direction of multiple biodiversity metrics at different scales. Reducing these blind spots is essential to allow appropriate management actions to be deployed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
在人类广泛改造的背景下估计全球生物多样性变化是一个关键挑战。在这里，我们回顾了近几十年来在不同尺度和分类群中生物多样性的变化情况，重点关注四个多样性指标：物种丰富度、时间周转率、空间β多样性和丰度。在局部尺度上，所有指标的变化都包括许多增加和减少的例子，而且往往集中在零附近，但β多样性（空间或生物同质化的组成相似性增加）和丰度的下降趋势更为普遍。这种模式的例外是时间周转率，大多数局部组合都观察到了物种组成随时间的变化。对于区域尺度上的变化了解较少，尽管有几项研究表明，丰富度的增加比减少更为普遍。全球尺度上的变化最难准确估计，但大多数研究表明，灭绝率可能超过物种形成率，尽管两者都在增加。认识到这种可变性对于准确描述生物多样性变化的展开至关重要，并且突出了在不同尺度上，对多个生物多样性指标的幅度和方向仍然存在多少未知。减少这些盲点对于部署适当的管理措施至关重要。本文是主题为“检测和归因生物多样性变化的原因：需求、差距和解决方案”的一部分。
