Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA.
mBio. 2023 Aug 31;14(4):e0279122. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02791-22. Epub 2023 Jun 1.
As the largest mucosal surface, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a key role in protecting the host against pathogen infections. It is a first line of defense against enteric viruses and must act to control infection while remaining tolerant to the high commensal bacteria load found within the GI tract. The GI tract can be divided into six main sections (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum), and enteric pathogens have evolved to infect distinct parts of the GI tract. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the GI tract are immune competent and can counteract these infections through their intrinsic immune response. Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that play a key role in protecting IECs against viruses with the type III IFN being the most important. Recent work has shown that IECs derived from the different sections of the GI tract display a unique expression of pattern recognition receptors used to fight pathogen infections. Additionally, it was also shown that these cells show a section-specific response to enteric viruses. This mini-review will discuss the molecular strategies used by IECs to detect and combat enteric viruses highlighting the differences existing along the entero-caudal axis of the GI tract. We will provide a perspective on how these spatially controlled mechanisms may influence virus tropism and discuss how the intestinal micro-environment may further shape the response of IECs to virus infections.
作为最大的黏膜表面，胃肠道（GI）在保护宿主免受病原体感染方面起着关键作用。它是抵御肠道病毒的第一道防线，必须在控制感染的同时对胃肠道内发现的高共生细菌负荷保持耐受。胃肠道可分为六个主要部分（胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠和直肠），肠道病原体已进化到感染胃肠道的不同部位。衬在胃肠道上的肠上皮细胞（IECs）具有免疫能力，可以通过固有免疫反应来对抗这些感染。I 型和 III 型干扰素（IFNs）是抗病毒细胞因子，在保护 IECs 免受病毒感染方面起着关键作用，其中 III 型 IFN 最为重要。最近的研究表明，来自胃肠道不同部位的 IECs 表现出独特的模式识别受体表达，用于对抗病原体感染。此外，还表明这些细胞对肠道病毒表现出特定于节段的反应。这篇小型综述将讨论 IECs 用于检测和对抗肠道病毒的分子策略，重点介绍沿胃肠道头尾轴存在的差异。我们将提供一个视角，说明这些空间控制机制如何可能影响病毒嗜性，并讨论肠道微环境如何进一步影响 IECs 对病毒感染的反应。
