Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.
Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 3;13(1):9033. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36080-w.
This paper describes the physical foundations of the newly discovered "entropy defect" as a basic concept of thermodynamics. The entropy defect quantifies the change in entropy caused by the order induced in a system through the additional correlations among its constituents when two or more subsystems are assembled. This defect is closely analogous to the mass defect that arises when nuclear particle systems are assembled. The entropy defect determines how the entropy of the system compares to its constituent's entropies and stands on three fundamental properties: each constituent's entropy must be (i) separable, (ii) symmetric, and (iii) bounded. We show that these properties provide a solid foundation for the entropy defect and for generalizing thermodynamics to describe systems residing out of the classical thermal equilibrium, both in stationary and nonstationary states. In stationary states, the consequent thermodynamics generalizes the classical framework, which was based on the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy and Maxwell-Boltzmann canonical distribution of particle velocities, into the respective entropy and canonical distribution associated with kappa distributions. In nonstationary states, the entropy defect similarly acts as a negative feedback, or reduction of the increase of entropy, preventing its unbounded growth toward infinity.
本文描述了新发现的“熵缺陷”作为热力学基本概念的物理基础。熵缺陷量化了由于两个或更多子系统组装时其组成部分之间的额外相关性而引起的系统中的有序变化所导致的熵变化。这种缺陷与核粒子系统组装时出现的质量缺陷非常相似。熵缺陷决定了系统的熵与其组成部分的熵相比如何，并且基于三个基本属性：每个组成部分的熵必须是 (i) 可分离的，(ii) 对称的，和 (iii) 有界的。我们表明，这些属性为熵缺陷以及为将热力学推广到描述处于经典热平衡之外的系统提供了坚实的基础，无论是在稳定状态还是非稳定状态下。在稳定状态下，相应的热力学将基于玻尔兹曼-吉布斯熵和麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼粒子速度正则分布的经典框架推广到与卡帕分布相关的各自的熵和正则分布。在非稳定状态下，熵缺陷同样起到负反馈或减少熵的增加的作用，防止熵无限制地增长到无穷大。
