Intrinsic and Induced Neuronal Regeneration in the Mammalian Retina.

Retinal neurons are vulnerable to disease and injury, which can result in neuronal death and degeneration leading to irreversible vision loss. The human retina does not regenerate to replace neurons lost to disease or injury. However, cells within the retina of other animals are capable of regenerating neurons, and homologous cells within the mammalian retina could potentially be prompted to do the same. Activating evolutionarily silenced intrinsic regenerative capacity of the mammalian retina could slow, or even reverse, vision loss, leading to an improved quality of life for millions of people. During development, neurons in the retina are generated progressively by retinal progenitor cells, with distinct neuron types born over developmental time. Many genes function in this process to specify the identity of newly generated neuron types, and these appropriate states of gene expression inform recent regenerative work. When regeneration is initiated in other vertebrates, including birds and fish, specific signaling pathways control the efficiency of regeneration, and these conserved pathways are likely to be important in mammals as well. Using insights from development and from other animals, limited regeneration from intrinsic cell types has been demonstrated in the mammalian retina, but it is able only to generate a subset of partially differentiated retinal neuron types. Future studies should aim at increasing the efficiency of regeneration, activating regeneration in a targeted fashion across the retina, and improving the ability to generate specific types of retinal neurons to replace those lost to disease or injury. . 39, 1039-1052.