Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
Arch Microbiol. 2023 Jun 6;205(7):257. doi: 10.1007/s00203-023-03589-7.
Concept of microorganisms has largely been perceived from their pathogenic view point. Nevertheless, it is being gradually revisited in terms of its significance to human health and now appears to be the most dominant force that shapes the immune system of the human body and also determines an individual's predisposition to diseases. Human inhabits bacterial diversity (which is predominant among all microbial communities in human body) occupying 0.3% of body mass, known as microbiota. On birth, a part of microbiota that child obtains is essentially a mother's legacy. So, the review was initiated with this critical topic of microbiotal inheritance. Since, each body site has distinct physiological specifications; therefore, they contain discrete microbiome composition that has been separately discussed along with dysbiosis-induced pathologies originating in different body organs. Factors affecting microbiome composition and may cause dysbiosis like antibiotics, delivery, feeding method etc. as well as the strategies that immune system adopts to prevent dysbiosis have been highlighted. We also tried to bring into attention the topic of dysbiosis induced biofilms, that enables cohort to survive stresses, evolve, disseminate and infection resurgence that is still in dormancy. Eventually, we put spotlight on microbiome significance in medical therapeutics. We didn't merely confine article to gut microbiota, that is being studied more extensively. Numerous community forms at diverse body sites are inter-related, and being exposed to awfully variable perturbations appear to be challenging to evaluate perturbation risks holistically. All aspects have been elaborately discussed to achieve a global depiction of human microbiota in order to meet urgent necessity for protocol standardisation. Demonstrates that environmental challenges (antibiotic use, alterations in diet, stress, smoking etc.) might cause dysbiosis i.e. transition of healthy microbiome composition to the one in which pathogenic microorganisms become more abundant, and eventually results in an infected state.
微生物的概念在很大程度上是从其致病观点来认识的。然而,从其对人类健康的意义来看,这一概念正在被逐步重新审视,现在它似乎是塑造人体免疫系统的最主要力量,也决定了个体对疾病的易感性。人体栖息着细菌多样性(在人体所有微生物群落中占主导地位),占据 0.3%的体重,被称为微生物组。出生时,儿童获得的部分微生物组主要来自母亲的遗传。因此,本次综述从微生物组遗传这一关键主题开始。由于每个身体部位都有独特的生理特征;因此,它们包含不同的微生物组组成,我们沿着不同的身体器官讨论了与微生物失调相关的病理。影响微生物组组成并可能导致微生物失调的因素,如抗生素、分娩方式、喂养方式等,以及免疫系统为防止微生物失调而采取的策略,都已被强调。我们还试图引起人们对微生物失调诱导生物膜的关注,这种生物膜使菌群能够承受压力、进化、传播和感染复发,即使这些感染仍处于休眠状态。最终,我们关注了微生物组在医学治疗中的意义。我们不仅局限于研究更广泛的肠道微生物组。多样化身体部位的众多菌群形式相互关联,并且受到各种变化的影响,似乎难以全面评估整体的变化风险。为了全面描绘人体微生物组,以满足协议标准化的迫切需求,我们详细讨论了所有方面。这表明环境挑战(抗生素使用、饮食改变、压力、吸烟等)可能导致微生物失调,即健康微生物组组成向其中致病性微生物变得更为丰富的状态转变,最终导致感染状态。