Material Flows and Waste Management of Titanium Products in China from 2005 to 2020.

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Titanium products play an important and irreplaceable role in national defense and military applications and are considered as strategic resources by many governments. Although China developed a large-scale titanium industrial chain that affects the global market, it is still weak in high-end titanium-based alloys and needs an urgent upgrade. Few policies have been implemented at the national level to explore the development strategies of China's titanium industry and related industries. One major issue is the lack of reliable statistical data, which is essential for setting the national strategies of China's titanium industry. Additionally, waste management and scrap recycling in titanium products manufacturers are not yet considered, which would significantly impact the lifetime of titanium scrap and demand for virgin titanium metal resources. To address this gap, this work has developed a titanium products flow chart for China and presented trends in the titanium industry from 2005 to 2020. The results show that only about 65% to 85% of domestic titanium sponge is finally sold as ingots, and only about 60% to 85% of ingots are finally sold as mills, indicating excessive production has been a characteristic of China's titanium industry. The average recovery ratio of prompt swarf for ingots is about 63%, and that for mills is about 56%, which can be recycled into ingots by remelting, relieving constraints on high-grade titanium sponge and reducing dependence on it to some extent.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40831-023-00667-4.