Gorgani Sara, Hosseini Seyede Atefe, Wang Andrew Z, Baino Francesco, Kargozar Saeid
Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran.
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran.
Materials (Basel). 2023 Jun 5;16(11):4194. doi: 10.3390/ma16114194.
There is an increasing trend toward the application of bioactive glasses in different areas of biomedicine, including tissue engineering and oncology. The reason for this increase is mostly attributed to the inherent properties of BGs, such as excellent biocompatibility, and the ease of tailoring their properties by changing, for example, the chemical composition. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the interactions between BGs and their ionic dissolution products, and mammalian cells, can affect and change cellular behaviors, and thereby govern the performance of living tissues. However, limited research exists on their critical role in the production and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles that carry various therapeutic cargoes such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and thereby can govern cell-cell communication and subsequent tissue responses. The use of exosomes is currently considered a cell-free approach in tissue engineering strategies, due to their positive roles in accelerating wound healing. On the other hand, exosomes are known as key players in cancer biology (e.g., progression and metastasis), due to their capability to carry bioactive molecules between tumor cells and normal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the biological performance of BGs, including their proangiogenic activity, is accomplished with the help of exosomes. Indeed, therapeutic cargos (e.g., proteins) produced in BG-treated cells are transferred by a specific subset of exosomes toward target cells and tissues, and lead to a biological phenomenon. On the other hand, BGs are suitable delivery vehicles that can be utilized for the targeted delivery of exosomes to cells and tissues of interest. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a deeper understanding of the potential effects of BGs in the production of exosomes in cells that are involved in tissue repair and regeneration (mostly mesenchymal stem cells), as well as in those that play roles in cancer progression (e.g., cancer stem cells). This review aims to present an updated report on this critical issue, to provide a roadmap for future research in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
生物活性玻璃在生物医学的不同领域，包括组织工程和肿瘤学中的应用呈上升趋势。这种增长的原因主要归因于生物活性玻璃的固有特性，如优异的生物相容性，以及通过改变化学成分等方式轻松调整其性能。先前的实验表明，生物活性玻璃与其离子溶解产物以及哺乳动物细胞之间的相互作用会影响和改变细胞行为，从而决定活组织的性能。然而，关于它们在细胞外囊泡（如外泌体）的产生和分泌中的关键作用的研究有限。外泌体是纳米级的膜囊泡，携带各种治疗性物质，如DNA、RNA、蛋白质和脂质，从而可以控制细胞间通讯和随后的组织反应。由于外泌体在加速伤口愈合方面的积极作用，目前在组织工程策略中，外泌体的使用被认为是一种无细胞方法。另一方面，外泌体因其能够在肿瘤细胞和正常细胞之间携带生物活性分子，而被认为是癌症生物学（如进展和转移）中的关键参与者。最近的研究表明，生物活性玻璃的生物学性能，包括其促血管生成活性，是在外泌体的帮助下实现的。事实上，生物活性玻璃处理的细胞中产生的治疗性物质（如蛋白质）通过特定的外泌体亚群转移到靶细胞和组织，并导致一种生物学现象。另一方面，生物活性玻璃是合适的递送载体，可用于将外泌体靶向递送至感兴趣的细胞和组织。因此，有必要更深入地了解生物活性玻璃对参与组织修复和再生的细胞（主要是间充质干细胞）以及在癌症进展中起作用的细胞（如癌症干细胞）中外泌体产生的潜在影响。本综述旨在就这一关键问题提供一份最新报告，为组织工程和再生医学领域的未来研究提供路线图。
