Tan Jia Sen, Jaffar Ali Muhamad Norizwan Bin, Gan Bee Koon, Tan Wen Siang
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2023 Jul-Dec;20(7):955-978. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2228202. Epub 2023 Jun 26.
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are virus-based nanocarriers that have been studied extensively and intensively for biomedical applications. However, their clinical translation is relatively low compared to the predominating lipid-based nanoparticles. Therefore, this article describes the fundamentals, challenges, and solutions of the VNP-based platform, which will leverage the development of next-generation VNPs.
Different types of VNPs and their biomedical applications are reviewed comprehensively. Strategies and approaches for cargo loading and targeted delivery of VNPs are examined thoroughly. The latest developments in controlled release of cargoes from VNPs and their mechanisms are highlighted too. The challenges faced by VNPs in biomedical applications are identified, and solutions are provided to overcome them.
In the development of next-generation VNPs for gene therapy, bioimaging and therapeutic deliveries, focus must be given to reduce their immunogenicity, and increase their stability in the circulatory system. Modular virus-like particles (VLPs) which are produced separately from their cargoes or ligands before all the components are coupled can speed up clinical trials and commercialization. In addition, removal of contaminants from VNPs, cargo delivery across the blood brain barrier (BBB), and targeting of VNPs to organelles intracellularly are challenges that will preoccupy researchers in this decade.
病毒纳米颗粒（VNPs）是基于病毒的纳米载体，已针对生物医学应用进行了广泛而深入的研究。然而，与占主导地位的基于脂质的纳米颗粒相比，它们的临床转化相对较低。因此，本文描述了基于VNP的平台的基本原理、挑战和解决方案，这将推动下一代VNP的发展。
全面综述了不同类型的VNPs及其生物医学应用。深入研究了VNPs的货物装载和靶向递送的策略和方法。还强调了从VNPs中控制释放货物的最新进展及其机制。确定了VNPs在生物医学应用中面临的挑战，并提供了克服这些挑战的解决方案。
在开发用于基因治疗、生物成像和治疗递送的下一代VNPs时，必须注重降低其免疫原性，并提高其在循环系统中的稳定性。在所有组件耦合之前与其货物或配体分开生产的模块化病毒样颗粒（VLPs）可以加快临床试验和商业化进程。此外，从VNPs中去除污染物、跨血脑屏障（BBB）递送货物以及将VNPs细胞内靶向细胞器是未来十年研究人员将面临的挑战。
