Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States.
Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, Center for NanoImmunoEngineering, Moores Cancer Center, Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States.
Virology. 2021 Apr;556:39-61. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.012. Epub 2021 Jan 28.
The application of nanoparticles for medical purposes has made enormous strides in providing new solutions to health problems. The observation that plant virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) can be repurposed and engineered as smart bio-vehicles for targeted drug delivery and imaging has launched extensive research for improving the therapeutic and diagnostic management of various diseases. There is evidence that VNPs are promising high value nanocarriers with potential for translational development. This is mainly due to their unique features, encompassing structural uniformity, ease of manufacture and functionalization by means of expression, chemical biology and self-assembly. While the development pipeline is moving rapidly, with many reports focusing on engineering and manufacturing aspects to tailor the properties and efficacy of VNPs, fewer studies have focused on gaining insights into the nanotoxicity of this novel platform nanotechnology. Herein, we discuss the pharmacology of VNPs as a function of formulation and route of administration. VNPs are reviewed in the context of their application as therapeutic adjuvants or nanocarrier excipients to initiate, enhance, attenuate or impede the formulation's toxicity. The summary of the data however also underlines the need for meticulous VNP structure-nanotoxicity studies to improve our understanding of their in vivo fates and pharmacological profiles to pave the way for translation of VNP-based formulations into the clinical setting.
纳米颗粒在医学中的应用为解决健康问题提供了新的解决方案，取得了巨大的进展。人们观察到，植物病毒纳米颗粒（VNPs）可以被重新利用和设计为智能生物载体，用于靶向药物输送和成像，这引发了广泛的研究，以改善各种疾病的治疗和诊断管理。有证据表明，VNPs 是很有前途的高价值纳米载体，具有转化开发的潜力。这主要是由于它们具有独特的特性，包括结构均匀性、易于制造以及通过表达、化学生物学和自组装进行功能化的能力。虽然开发管道正在迅速发展，许多报告都集中在工程和制造方面，以调整 VNPs 的性质和功效，但很少有研究关注这种新型平台纳米技术的纳米毒性。在此，我们讨论了 VNPs 的药理学，作为制剂和给药途径的功能。我们综述了 VNPs 作为治疗佐剂或纳米载体赋形剂的应用，以启动、增强、减弱或阻碍制剂的毒性。然而，数据摘要也强调了需要对 VNP 的结构-纳米毒性进行细致的研究，以提高我们对其体内命运和药理学特征的理解，为基于 VNP 的制剂向临床应用的转化铺平道路。
