Rai Prajjwal, Prasad Laxman, Rai Pramod Kumar
Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
Division of Plant Pathology, Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jun 8;14:1139009. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139009. eCollection 2023.
Oilseed brassica has become instrumental in securing global food and nutritional security. , colloquially known as Indian mustard, is cultivated across tropics and subtropics including Indian subcontinent. The production of Indian mustard is severely hampered by fungal pathogens which necessitates human interventions. Chemicals are often resorted to as they are quick and effective, but due to their economic and ecological unsustainability, there is a need to explore their alternatives. The -fungal pathosystem is quite diverse as it covers broad-host range necrotrophs (), narrow-host range necrotrophs ( and ) and biotrophic oomycetes ( and ). Plants ward off fungal pathogens through two-step resistance mechanism; PTI which involves recognition of elicitors and ETI where the resistance gene ( gene) interacts with the fungal effectors. The hormonal signalling is also found to play a vital role in defense as the JA/ET pathway is initiated at the time of necrotroph infection and SA pathway is induced when the biotrophs attack plants. The review discuss the prevalence of fungal pathogens of Indian mustard and the studies conducted on effectoromics. It covers both pathogenicity conferring genes and host-specific toxins (HSTs) that can be used for a variety of purposes such as identifying cognate genes, understanding pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, and establishing the phylogeny of fungal pathogens. It further encompasses the studies on identifying resistant sources and characterisation of genes/quantitative trait loci and defense-related genes identified in Brassicaceae and unrelated species which, upon introgression or overexpression, confer resistance. Finally, the studies conducted on developing resistant transgenics in Brassicaceae have been covered in which and genes are mostly used. The knowledge gained from this review can further be used for imparting resistance against major fungal pathogens.
油菜已成为保障全球粮食和营养安全的重要作物。印度芥菜，在热带和亚热带地区广泛种植，包括印度次大陆。印度芥菜的生产受到真菌病原体的严重阻碍，这需要人为干预。由于化学药剂快速有效，人们经常使用，但由于其经济和生态上的不可持续性，需要探索其替代品。印度芥菜 - 真菌病理系统非常多样，涵盖广泛寄主范围的坏死营养型（）、窄寄主范围的坏死营养型（和）以及活体营养型卵菌（和）。植物通过两步抗性机制抵御真菌病原体；PTI涉及激发子的识别，而ETI则是抗性基因（基因）与真菌效应子相互作用。激素信号传导在防御中也起着至关重要的作用，因为坏死营养型感染时启动JA/ET途径，活体营养型攻击植物时诱导SA途径。本综述讨论了印度芥菜真菌病原体的流行情况以及效应子组学的相关研究。它涵盖了致病性赋予基因和寄主特异性毒素（HSTs），可用于多种目的，如鉴定同源基因、理解致病性和毒力机制以及建立真菌病原体的系统发育。它还包括在十字花科和非相关物种中鉴定抗性来源以及对基因/数量性状位点和防御相关基因的表征的研究，这些基因经渗入或过表达后可赋予抗性。最后，涵盖了在十字花科中开发抗性转基因的研究，其中大多使用和基因。从本综述中获得的知识可进一步用于赋予对主要真菌病原体的抗性。
