Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Road, Scheme 33, Suparco Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
BMC Oral Health. 2023 Jun 27;23(1):428. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03087-8.
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products of several different types are widely used in several South Asian countries including Pakistan. These products are consumed in different forms and with different names. The study aims to determine adverse effects of the SLT consumption on periodontal tissues.
This cross sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. It recruited 377 users of (SLT) with 231 males (61.3%) and 146 females (38.7%) of age 15 to 45 years. After obtaining informed consent, quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire followed by intra oral clinical examination to determine presence of periodontal diseases using community periodontal index (CPI). To determine the association between periodontal diseases and smokeless tobacco consumption habits, Chi Square test was conducted.
Gingival recession (Class II-IV) (65.8%) was the most prevalent periodontal disease among SLT users. CPI score was high (CPI score 3 and 4) in 31.3% participants, whereas tooth loss was found in 21%. Among types of SLT products, gutka (28.6%) and betel quid (23.3%) were most commonly used. Using SLT for five or more years was found to be associated with a high CPI score, gingival recession (Class II-IV), moderate to severe tooth mobility, and presence of tooth loss.
The study found statistically significant association between duration in years of using SLT and periodontal disease including gingival recession, tooth mobility and tooth loss. However, no significant results were found between retention during single use and frequency of SLT use per day. However, the link of these factors with the periodontal disease cannot be eliminated.
几种不同类型的无烟烟草（SLT）产品在包括巴基斯坦在内的几个南亚国家广泛使用。这些产品以不同的形式和名称被消费。本研究旨在确定 SLT 消费对牙周组织的不良影响。
这是一项在巴基斯坦卡拉奇进行的横断面研究。它招募了 377 名 SLT 使用者，其中 231 名男性（61.3%）和 146 名女性（38.7%）年龄在 15 至 45 岁之间。在获得知情同意后，通过问卷收集定量数据，然后进行口腔临床检查，使用社区牙周指数（CPI）确定牙周疾病的存在。为了确定牙周疾病与无烟烟草消费习惯之间的关联，进行了卡方检验。
SLT 用户中最常见的牙周疾病是牙龈退缩（II-IV 类）（65.8%）。31.3%的参与者 CPI 评分较高（CPI 评分 3 和 4），而 21%的参与者有牙齿缺失。在 SLT 产品类型中，gutka（28.6%）和 betel quid（23.3%）最常使用。使用 SLT 五年或以上与高 CPI 评分、牙龈退缩（II-IV 类）、中度至重度牙齿松动以及牙齿缺失有关。
本研究发现，使用 SLT 的年限与牙周疾病（包括牙龈退缩、牙齿松动和牙齿缺失）之间存在统计学显著关联。然而，在单次使用期间的保留时间和每天使用 SLT 的频率之间没有发现显著结果。然而，这些因素与牙周疾病之间的联系不能被排除。
