Zhang Shuang, Qin Yuping, Wang Jiujiang, Yu Yuanyu, Wu Lin, Zhang Tao
The School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.
The School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China.
Biomedicines. 2023 May 23;11(6):1513. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11061513.
We review the research progress on noninvasive neural regulatory systems through system design and theoretical guidance. We provide an overview of the development history of noninvasive neuromodulation technology, focusing on system design. We also discuss typical cases of neuromodulation that use modern noninvasive electrical stimulation and the main limitations associated with this technology. In addition, we propose a closed-loop system design solution of the "time domain", "space domain", and "multi-electrode combination". For theoretical guidance, this paper provides an overview of the "digital brain" development process used for noninvasive electrical-stimulation-targeted modeling and the development of "digital human" programs in various countries. We also summarize the core problems of the existing "digital brain" used for noninvasive electrical-stimulation-targeted modeling according to the existing achievements and propose segmenting the tissue. For this, the tissue parameters of a multimodal image obtained from a fresh cadaver were considered as an index. The digital projection of the multimodal image of the brain of a living individual was implemented, following which the segmented tissues could be reconstructed to obtain a "digital twin brain" model with personalized tissue structure differences. The "closed-loop system" and "personalized digital twin brain" not only enable the noninvasive electrical stimulation of neuromodulation to achieve the visualization of the results and adaptive regulation of the stimulation parameters but also enable the system to have individual differences and more accurate stimulation.
我们通过系统设计和理论指导来回顾非侵入性神经调节系统的研究进展。我们概述了非侵入性神经调节技术的发展历程，重点关注系统设计。我们还讨论了使用现代非侵入性电刺激的神经调节典型案例以及与该技术相关的主要局限性。此外，我们提出了一种“时域”“空域”和“多电极组合”的闭环系统设计解决方案。在理论指导方面，本文概述了用于非侵入性电刺激靶向建模的“数字脑”发展过程以及各国“数字人”项目的发展情况。我们还根据现有成果总结了用于非侵入性电刺激靶向建模的现有“数字脑”的核心问题，并提出对组织进行分割。为此，将从新鲜尸体获取的多模态图像的组织参数作为指标。实现了活体个体大脑多模态图像的数字投影，随后可以重建分割后的组织，以获得具有个性化组织结构差异的“数字孪生脑”模型。“闭环系统”和“个性化数字孪生脑”不仅使非侵入性电刺激神经调节能够实现结果可视化和刺激参数的自适应调节，还使系统具有个体差异和更精确的刺激。
