DeMichele Emily, Sosnowski Olivia, Buret Andre G, Allain Thibault
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
Microorganisms. 2023 Jun 16;11(6):1598. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11061598.
Body tissues are subjected to various oxygenic gradients and fluctuations and hence can become transiently hypoxic. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular hypoxic response and is capable of modulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, epithelial barrier integrity, and local microbiota. Recent reports have characterized the hypoxic response to various infections. However, little is known about the role of HIF activation in the context of protozoan parasitic infections. Growing evidence suggests that tissue and blood protozoa can activate HIF and subsequent HIF target genes in the host, helping or hindering their pathogenicity. In the gut, enteric protozoa are adapted to steep longitudinal and radial oxygen gradients to complete their life cycle, yet the role of HIF during these protozoan infections remains unclear. This review focuses on the hypoxic response to protozoa and its role in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. We also discuss how hypoxia modulates host immune responses in the context of protozoan infections.
身体组织会受到各种氧梯度和波动的影响，因此可能会出现短暂性缺氧。缺氧诱导因子（HIF）是细胞缺氧反应的主要转录调节因子，能够调节细胞代谢、免疫反应、上皮屏障完整性和局部微生物群。最近的报告已经描述了对各种感染的缺氧反应。然而，关于HIF激活在原生动物寄生虫感染中的作用知之甚少。越来越多的证据表明，组织和血液中的原生动物可以激活宿主中的HIF及其后续的HIF靶基因，这对它们的致病性可能有帮助或有阻碍。在肠道中，肠道原生动物适应陡峭的纵向和径向氧梯度以完成其生命周期，但HIF在这些原生动物感染中的作用仍不清楚。本综述重点关注对原生动物的缺氧反应及其在寄生虫感染病理生理学中的作用。我们还将讨论在原生动物感染的背景下缺氧如何调节宿主免疫反应。
