School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, US.
Global Health. 2023 Jun 30;19(1):45. doi: 10.1186/s12992-023-00939-4.
United Nations (UN) agencies are influential global health actors that can introduce legal instruments to call on Member States to act on pressing issues. This paper examines the deployment and strength of global health law instruments used by UN actors to call on Member States to restrict the exposure of children to unhealthy food and beverage marketing.
Global health law instruments were identified from a review of four UN agencies that have a mandate over children's exposure to marketing of unhealthy food and beverage products namely: the World Health Organization (WHO); the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Data on marketing restrictions were extracted and coded and descriptive qualitative content analysis was used to assess the strength of the instruments.
A wide range of instruments have been used by the four agencies: seven by the WHO; two by the FAO; three by the UNGA; and eight by the UN human rights infrastructure. The UN human rights instruments used strong, consistent language and called for government regulations to be enacted in a directive manner. In contrast, the language calling for action by the WHO, FAO and UNGA was weaker, inconsistent, did not get stronger over time and varied according to the type of instrument used.
This study suggests that a child rights-based approach to restricting unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children would be supported by strong human rights legal instruments and would allow for more directive recommendations to Member States than is currently provided by WHO, FAO and UNGA. Strengthening the directives in the instruments to clarify Member States' obligations using both WHO and child rights mandates would increase the utility of global health law and UN actors' influence.
联合国（UN）机构是有影响力的全球卫生行为体，可以引入法律文书，呼吁会员国就紧迫问题采取行动。本文考察了联合国行为体用来呼吁会员国限制儿童接触不健康食品和饮料营销的全球卫生法文书的部署和力度。
从负责儿童接触不健康食品和饮料产品营销的四个联合国机构（即世界卫生组织（世卫组织）、联合国粮食及农业组织（粮农组织）、联合国大会（大会）和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办））的审查中确定了全球卫生法文书。对营销限制数据进行了提取和编码，并采用描述性定性内容分析来评估文书的力度。
四个机构使用了广泛的文书：世卫组织使用了 7 项文书；粮农组织使用了 2 项文书；大会使用了 3 项文书；联合国人权基础设施使用了 8 项文书。联合国人权文书使用了强有力、一致的语言，并呼吁以指令方式颁布政府法规。相比之下，呼吁世卫组织、粮农组织和大会采取行动的语言较弱、不一致、随着时间的推移没有加强，并且根据使用的文书类型而有所不同。
本研究表明，以儿童权利为基础的方法来限制向儿童推销不健康的食品和饮料，将得到强有力的人权法律文书的支持，并允许向会员国提出比世卫组织、粮农组织和大会目前提供的更具指令性的建议。使用世卫组织和儿童权利任务来加强文书中的指令，以澄清会员国的义务，将提高全球卫生法和联合国行为体的影响力。
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