The genetic polymorphism of sparteine metabolism.

The formation of the two major metabolites of the antiarrhythmic and oxytocic drug sparteine (2- and 5-dehydrosparteine) exhibits a genetic polymorphism. Two phenotypes, extensive (EM) and poor metabolizers (PM) are observed in the population. The frequency of the PM phenotype in various populations (Caucasian and Japanese) ranges from 2.3 to 9%. The metabolism of sparteine is determined by two allelic genes at a single gene locus. PM subjects are homozygous for an autosomal recessive gene. The metabolism of sparteine is predominantly under genetic control as treatment with drugs such as antipyrine and rifampicin known to induce oxidative drug metabolism elicited only marginal changes in sparteine metabolism. The formation of 2-dehydrosparteine in human liver microsomes from EM and PM subjects showed a more than 40-fold difference in Km between EM and PM subjects. However, Vmax-values were almost identical in both groups. These data indicate that the basis of the differences in oxidative capacity between EM and PM subjects is more likely to be due to a variant isozyme with defective catalytic properties than to a decreased amount of the isozyme.