New methods for sorghum transformation in temperate climates.

Sorghum () is an emerging cereal crop in temperate climates due to its high drought tolerance and other valuable traits. Genetic transformation is an important tool for the improvement of cereals. However, sorghum is recalcitrant to genetic transformation which is almost only successful in warmer climates. Here, we test the application of two new techniques for sorghum transformation in temperate climates, namely transient transformation by mediated agroinfiltration and stable transformation using gold particle bombardment and leaf whorls as explants. We optimized the transient transformation method, including post-infiltration incubation of plants in the dark and using grown on plates with a high cell density (OD = 2.0). Expression of the green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged endogenous sorghum gene DHR2 was achieved with low transformation efficiency, and our results point out a potential weakness in using this approach for localization studies. Furthermore, we succeeded in the production of callus and somatic embryos from leaf whorls, although no genetic transformation was accomplished with this method. Both methods show potential, even if they seem to be influenced by climatic conditions and therefore need further optimization to be applied routinely in temperate climates.