Niedenthal Paula M, Hampton Ryan S, Marji Michelle
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2023 Apr;32(2):167-175. doi: 10.1177/09637214221151154. Epub 2023 Mar 1.
Cultural differences in emotion expression, experience, and regulation can cause misunderstandings with lasting effects on interpersonal, intergroup, and international relations. A full account of the factors responsible for the emergence of different cultures of emotion is therefore urgent. Here we propose that the ancestral diversity of regions of the world, determined by colonization and sometimes forced migration of humans over centuries, explains significant variation in cultures of emotion. We review findings that relate the ancestral diversity of the world's countries to present-day differences in display rules for emotional expression, the clarity of expressions, and the use of specific facial expressions such as the smile. Results replicate at the level of the states of the United States, which also vary in ancestral diversity. Further, we suggest that historically diverse contexts provide opportunities for individuals to exercise physiological processes that support emotion regulation, resulting in average regional differences in cardiac vagal tone. We conclude that conditions created by the long-term commingling of the world's people have predictable effects on the evolution of emotion cultures and provide a roadmap for future research to analyze causation and isolate mechanisms linking ancestral diversity to emotion.
情绪表达、体验和调节方面的文化差异可能会导致误解，对人际关系、群体间关系和国际关系产生持久影响。因此，迫切需要全面了解造成不同情绪文化出现的因素。我们在此提出，世界各地区的祖先多样性是由几个世纪以来的殖民以及有时的人类被迫迁移所决定的，这解释了情绪文化的显著差异。我们回顾了一些研究结果，这些结果将世界各国的祖先多样性与当今情绪表达的展示规则、表达的清晰度以及特定面部表情（如微笑）的使用差异联系起来。研究结果在美国各州层面也得到了重复，美国各州在祖先多样性方面也存在差异。此外，我们认为，历史上不同的环境为个体提供了锻炼支持情绪调节的生理过程的机会，从而导致心脏迷走神经张力出现平均区域差异。我们得出结论，世界人口长期混合所产生的条件对情绪文化的演变具有可预测的影响，并为未来研究分析因果关系以及分离将祖先多样性与情绪联系起来的机制提供了路线图。
