Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
Cogn Process. 2023 Aug;24(3):387-413. doi: 10.1007/s10339-023-01138-0. Epub 2023 Jul 14.
This study aimed to examine whether Japanese participants condition spoken words' meanings to written pseudowords. In Survey 1, we selected spoken words associated with negative (α = .91) and positive (α = .79) features for Experiment 1 and passive (α = .90) and active (α = .80) features for Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated four written pseudowords' emotional valence using a 7-point semantic differential scale (1: negative; 7: positive) before and after conditioning spoken words with negative, neutral, or positive features to each pseudoword. In the conditioning phase, participants read each pseudoword, listened to a spoken word, and verbally repeated each spoken word. The results showed that a pseudoword was conditioned to spoken words with positive and negative features. In Experiment 2, participants evaluated four pseudowords' activeness using a 7-point semantic differential scale (1: passive; 7: active) before and after conditioning spoken words of passive, neutral, and active features to each written pseudoword. In the conditioning phase, the participants read each written pseudoword, listened to a spoken word, and repeated the spoken word. The results showed that the activeness evaluations were more increased for pseudowords conditioned to spoken words of active and neutral features after conditioning than before conditioning but were unchanged for a pseudoword conditioned to those with passive features before and after conditioning. Additonally, Survey 2's results showed that although the positiveness and activeness responses of the words used in Experiments 1 and 2 were controlled well, the lack of significant differences among positiveness responses of words may influence the evaluative conditioning in Experiment 2. That is, when participants condition passive (low arousal) words' activeness (arousal) ratings to those of pseudowords, words' positiveness (valence) ratings would be important in the evaluative conditioning. Our findings suggest that participants can condition spoken word meanings of preference and activeness to those of written pseudowords. It also indicates that linguistically evaluative conditioning's effects are robust in a non-alphabetic language.
本研究旨在考察日本参与者是否会根据书面假词来调整口语词汇的含义。在调查 1 中，我们选择了与负面（α=0.91）和正面（α=0.79）特征相关的口语词用于实验 1，以及与被动（α=0.90）和主动（α=0.80）特征相关的口语词用于实验 2。在实验 1 中，参与者使用 7 点语义差异量表（1：负面；7：正面）评估四个书面假词的情感效价，然后将具有负面、中性或正面特征的口语词与每个假词相匹配。在匹配阶段，参与者阅读每个假词，听一个口语词，然后口头重复每个口语词。结果表明，一个假词被与积极和消极特征的口语词相匹配。在实验 2 中，参与者使用 7 点语义差异量表（1：被动；7：主动）评估四个假词的活跃程度，然后将具有被动、中性和主动特征的口语词与每个书面假词相匹配。在匹配阶段，参与者阅读每个书面假词，听一个口语词，然后重复该口语词。结果表明，与匹配前相比，匹配积极和中性特征的口语词后，对假词的活跃程度评估增加更多，但匹配具有被动特征的口语词前后对假词的活跃程度评估没有变化。此外，调查 2 的结果表明，尽管实验 1 和 2 中使用的词的积极性和活跃度反应得到了很好的控制，但词的积极性反应之间缺乏显著差异可能会影响实验 2 的评价性匹配。也就是说，当参与者将被动（低唤醒）词的活跃度（唤醒）评价与假词的活跃度评价相匹配时，词的积极性（效价）评价在评价性匹配中很重要。我们的发现表明，参与者可以根据书面假词来调整口语词汇的含义。这也表明，在非字母语言中，语言评价性匹配的效果是稳健的。
