Enhancement of nutritional quality in maize kernel through marker-assisted breeding for vte4, crtRB1, and opaque2 genes.

Traditional maize is poor in vitamin-E [α-tocopherol (α-T): 6-8 ppm], vitamin-A [provitamin-A (proA): 1-2ppm], lysine (0.150-0.2-50%), and tryptophan (0.030-0.040%). Here, we combined favourable alleles of vte4, crtRB1, and opaque2 (o2) genes in the parents of maize hybrids, viz., APQH-10 (PMI-PV-9 × PMI-PV-14) and APQH-11 (PMI-PV-9 × PMI-PV-15) using molecular breeding. Gene-specific markers were successfully used to select vte4, crtRB1, and o2 in BCF, BCF, and BCF generations. Simple sequence repeats (104-109) were used for background selection, leading to an average recovery of 94% recurrent parent genome. The introgressed inbreds possessed significantly higher α-T: 18.38 ppm, α-/γ-tocopherol (α-/γ-T: 52%), and α-/total tocopherol (α-/TT: 32%) compared to original inbreds (α-T: 8.17 ppm, α-/γ-T: 25%, α-/TT: 18%). These newly derived inbreds also possessed higher β-carotene (BC: 8.91 ppm), β-cryptoxanthin (BCX: 1.27 ppm), proA (9.54 ppm), lysine (0.348%), and tryptophan (0.082%) compared to traditional maize inbreds. The reconstituted hybrids recorded higher α-T (2.1-fold), α-/γ-T (1.9-fold), and α-/TT (1.6-fold) over the original hybrids. These reconstituted hybrids were also rich in BC (5.7-fold), BCX (3.3-fold), proA (5.3-fold), lysine (1.9-fold), and tryptophan (2.0-fold) over the traditional hybrids. The reconstituted hybrids had similar grain yield and phenotypic characteristics to original versions. These multinutrient-rich maize hybrids hold great potential to alleviate malnutrition in sustainable and cost-effective manner.