Turska Julia J, Ludwig David
Knowledge, Technology and Innovation, Wageningen University and Research, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Synthese. 2023;202(2):39. doi: 10.1007/s11229-023-04243-x. Epub 2023 Jul 20.
In this paper we analyze relations between in anthropology and philosophy beyond simple homonymy or synonymy and show how this diagnosis allows for new interdisciplinary links and insights, while minimizing the risk of cross-disciplinary equivocation. We introduce the ontological turn in anthropology as an intellectual project rooted in the critique of dualism of culture and nature and propose a classification of the literature we reviewed into first-order claims about the world and second-order claims about ontological frameworks. Next, rather than provide a strict definition of in anthropological literature, we argue that the term is used as a heuristic addressing a web of sub-concepts relating to interpretation, knowledge, and self-determination which correspond to methodological, epistemic, and political considerations central to the development of the ontological turn. We present a case study of rivers as persons to demonstrate what the ontological paradigm in anthropology amounts to in practice. Finally, in an analysis facilitated by a parallel between the first- and second-order claims in anthropology, and and meta- in philosophy (respectively), we showcase the potential for contribution of ontological anthropology to contemporary philosophical debates, such as ontological gerrymandering, relativism and social , and vice versa.
在本文中，我们分析了人类学与哲学之间的关系，这种关系超越了简单的同音异义或同义关系，并展示了这种诊断如何促成新的跨学科联系与见解，同时将跨学科歧义的风险降至最低。我们将人类学中的本体论转向作为一个植根于对文化与自然二元论批判的学术项目引入，并对我们所回顾的文献进行分类，分为关于世界的一阶主张和关于本体论框架的二阶主张。接下来，我们并非要在人类学文献中给出“[该术语]”的严格定义，而是认为该术语被用作一种启发式方法，用于处理与解释、知识和自我决定相关的一系列子概念，这些子概念对应于本体论转向发展过程中的核心方法论、认识论和政治考量。我们以河流拟人化为例进行研究，以展示人类学中的本体论范式在实践中意味着什么。最后，通过对人类学中的一阶和二阶主张与哲学中的“[相关术语]”和“元[相关术语]”（分别对应）之间的平行关系进行分析，我们展示了本体论人类学对当代哲学辩论（如本体论选区划分、相对主义和社会[相关内容]）的贡献潜力，反之亦然。
