Hugh Sinclair Human of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK.
Food Research Group, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK.
Appetite. 2023 Oct 1;189:106982. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106982. Epub 2023 Jul 26.
Older adults are advised to increase their protein intake to maintain their muscle mass. However, protein is considered the most satiating macronutrient and this recommendation may cause a decrease in total energy intake. To date, satiety studies comparing all three macronutrients have been undertaken in young adults, and it is unclear if the same response is seen in older adults. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of preloads high in protein, fat, and carbohydrate but equal in energy (∼300 kcal) and volume (250 ml) on energy intake, perceived appetite, and gastric emptying in younger and older adults. Twenty older and 20 younger adults completed a single-blinded randomised crossover trial involving three study visits. Participants consumed a standard breakfast, followed by a preload milkshake high in either carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Three hours after the preload, participants were offered an ad libitum meal to assess food intake. Visual analogue scales were used to measure perceived appetite and gastric emptying was measured via the C-octanoic acid breath test. There was no significant effect of preload type or age on energy intake either at the ad libitum meal, self-recorded food intake for the rest of the test day or subjective appetite ratings. There was a significant effect of preload type on gastric emptying latency phase and ascension time, and an effect of age on gastric emptying latency and lag phase such that older adults had faster emptying. In conclusion, energy intake, and perceived appetite were not affected by macronutrient content of the preloads in both younger and older adults, but gastric emptying times differed.
建议老年人增加蛋白质摄入量以维持肌肉质量。然而，蛋白质被认为是最能让人产生饱腹感的宏量营养素，而这一建议可能会导致总能量摄入减少。迄今为止，比较所有三种宏量营养素的饱腹感研究都是在年轻人中进行的，目前尚不清楚老年人是否会有同样的反应。本研究的目的是比较高蛋白、高脂肪和高碳水化合物但能量（约 300 千卡）和体积（250 毫升）相同的预餐对年轻和老年成年人能量摄入、食欲感知和胃排空的影响。20 名老年人和 20 名年轻人完成了一项单盲随机交叉试验，涉及三次研究访问。参与者先吃一顿标准早餐，然后再吃一种高碳水化合物、高脂肪或高蛋白的预餐奶昔。预餐后 3 小时，参与者可以随意吃一顿餐，以评估食物摄入量。使用视觉模拟量表来测量食欲感知，通过 C-辛酸呼吸试验来测量胃排空情况。预餐类型或年龄对随意餐、测试日剩余时间的自我记录食物摄入量或主观食欲评分的能量摄入均无显著影响。预餐类型对胃排空潜伏期和上升时间有显著影响，年龄对胃排空潜伏期和滞后时间有影响，老年人的排空速度更快。总之，在年轻和老年成年人中，预餐的宏量营养素含量不会影响能量摄入和食欲感知，但胃排空时间不同。
