Okafor Joan U, Nwodo Uchechukwu U
Patho-Biocatalysis Group (PBG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Jul 1;12(7):1139. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12071139.
() is an opportunistic bacteria responsible for many nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistances have resulted in widespread epidemics and endemic dissemination of multidrug-resistant pathogens. A total of 145 isolates were recovered from hospital wastewater effluents and subjected to antibiogram profiling. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed among phenotypic resistant isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates showed a wide range of antibiotic resistance against 21 selected antibiotics under 11 classes, with the most susceptible shown against imipenem (94.5%) and the most resistant shown against ampicillin (86.2%). The isolates also showed susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam (89.0%), ertapenem (87.6%), norfloxacin (86.2%), cefoxitin (86.2%), meropenem (76.6%), doripenem (76.6%), gentamicin (76.6%), chloramphenicol (73.1%), nitrofurantoin (71.7%), ciprofloxacin (79.3%), amikacin (60.7%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (70.4%). Conversely, resistance was also recorded against tetracycline (69%), doxycycline (56.6%), cefuroxime (46.2%), cefotaxime (48.3%), ceftazidime (41.4%). Out of the 32 resistance genes tested, 28 were confirmed, with [ (58.8%), (47.89%), (25.2%), (5.9%)], [ (68.4%), (66.6%)], and [ (62.3%), (26%), (14.4%)] genes having the highest occurrence. Strong significant associations exist among the resistance determinants screened. About 82.7% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with a multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) range of 0.24 to 1.0. A dual presence of the resistant genes among was also observed to occur more frequently than multiple presences. This study reveals a worrisome presence of multidrug-resistant isolates and resistance genes in hospital waste effluent, resulting in higher public health risks using untreated surface water for human consumption. As a result, adequate water treatment and monitoring initiatives designed to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in the aquatic ecosystem are required.
（）是一种机会致病菌，可引发多种医院获得性感染和社区获得性感染。抗生素耐药性的出现和传播导致了多重耐药病原体的广泛流行和地方性传播。从医院废水排放物中总共分离出145株菌株，并进行了抗菌谱分析。此外，还使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）对表型耐药菌株中的抗生素耐药决定因素进行了评估。这些菌株对11类21种选定抗生素表现出广泛的耐药性，对亚胺培南最敏感（94.5%），对氨苄西林耐药性最强（86.2%）。这些菌株对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（89.0%）、厄他培南（87.6%）、诺氟沙星（86.2%）、头孢西丁（86.2%）、美罗培南（76.6%）、多利培南（76.6%）、庆大霉素（76.6%）、氯霉素（73.1%）、呋喃妥因（71.7%）、环丙沙星（79.3%）、阿米卡星（60.7%）和阿莫西林/克拉维酸（70.4%）也敏感。相反，对四环素（69%）、多西环素（56.6%）、头孢呋辛（46.2%）、头孢噻肟（48.3%）、头孢他啶（41.4%）也有耐药记录。在所检测的32个耐药基因中，有28个得到确认，其中[（58.8%）、（47.89%）、（25.2%）、（5.9%）]、[（68.4%）、（66.6%）]和[（62.3%）、（26%）、（14.4%）]基因出现频率最高。所筛选的耐药决定因素之间存在很强的显著相关性。约82.7%的菌株为多重耐药（MDR），多重抗生素耐药指数（MARI）范围为0.24至1.0。还观察到耐药基因在（此处原文缺失相关内容）中的双重存在比多重存在更频繁。这项研究揭示了医院废水排放物中存在令人担忧的多重耐药（此处原文缺失相关内容）菌株和耐药基因，使用未经处理的地表水供人类消费会带来更高的公共卫生风险。因此，需要采取适当的水处理和监测措施，以监测水生生态系统中的抗菌药物耐药模式。
