Department of Cardiology, Wilhelminenspital, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Cells. 2023 Jul 16;12(14):1865. doi: 10.3390/cells12141865.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in the pathogenesis and disease course of viral infections. The induced pro-inflammatory responses result in the disturbance of the endovascular surface layer and impair vascular homeostasis. The injury of the vessel wall further promotes pro-thrombotic and pro-coagulatory processes, eventually leading to micro-vessel plugging and tissue necrosis. Moreover, TLRs have a direct role in the sensing of viruses and platelet activation. TLR-mediated upregulation of von Willebrand factor release and neutrophil, as well as macrophage extra-cellular trap formation, further contribute to (micro-) thrombotic processes during inflammation. The following review focuses on TLR signaling pathways of TLRs expressed in humans provoking pro-thrombotic responses, which determine patient outcome during viral infections, especially in those with cardiovascular diseases.
Toll 样受体（TLRs）在病毒感染的发病机制和疾病过程中起着关键作用。诱导的促炎反应导致血管内表面层紊乱，破坏血管内稳态。血管壁损伤进一步促进促血栓形成和促凝过程，最终导致微血管堵塞和组织坏死。此外，TLRs 在病毒感应和血小板激活中具有直接作用。TLR 介导的血管性血友病因子释放和中性粒细胞、以及巨噬细胞细胞外陷阱形成的上调，进一步促进炎症期间（微）血栓形成过程。以下综述重点介绍在人类中表达的 TLR 诱导促血栓形成反应的 TLR 信号通路，这些通路决定了病毒感染期间患者的预后，特别是在心血管疾病患者中。
