Zinno Paola, Perozzi Giuditta, Devirgiliis Chiara
Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM), National Research Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.
Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
Microorganisms. 2023 Jun 29;11(7):1696. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11071696.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global and increasing threat to human health. Several genetic determinants of AMR are found in environmental reservoirs, including bacteria naturally associated with widely consumed fermented foods. Through the food chain, these bacteria can reach the gut, where horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can occur within the complex and populated microbial environment. Numerous studies on this topic have been published over the past decades, but a conclusive picture of the potential impact of the non-pathogenic foodborne microbial reservoir on the spread of AMR to human pathogens has not yet emerged. This review critically evaluates a comprehensive list of recent experimental studies reporting the isolation of AMR bacteria associated with fermented foods, focusing on those reporting HGT events, which represent the main driver of AMR spread within and between different bacterial communities. Overall, our analysis points to the methodological heterogeneity as a major weakness impairing determination or a causal relation between the presence of AMR determinants within the foodborne microbial reservoir and their transmission to human pathogens. The aim is therefore to highlight the main gaps and needs to better standardize future studies addressing the potential role of non-pathogenic bacteria in the spread of AMR.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是对人类健康的一个全球性且日益严重的威胁。在环境储库中发现了几种AMR的遗传决定因素，包括与广泛食用的发酵食品天然相关的细菌。通过食物链，这些细菌可以到达肠道，在这个复杂且微生物密集的环境中可能会发生水平基因转移（HGT）。在过去几十年里已经发表了许多关于这个主题的研究，但关于非致病性食源微生物储库对AMR向人类病原体传播的潜在影响，尚未形成一个确凿的情况。这篇综述批判性地评估了最近一系列关于报道与发酵食品相关的AMR细菌分离的实验研究，重点关注那些报道了HGT事件的研究，HGT是AMR在不同细菌群落内部和之间传播的主要驱动因素。总体而言，我们的分析指出方法学的异质性是一个主要弱点，它损害了对食源微生物储库中AMR决定因素的存在与其向人类病原体传播之间的关系的确定或因果关系的判断。因此，目的是突出主要差距和需求，以便更好地规范未来研究，探讨非致病性细菌在AMR传播中的潜在作用。
