Tomkinson Sophie, Triscott Cloe, Schenk Emily, Foey Andrew
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
Pathogens. 2023 Jul 11;12(7):928. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12070928.
Probiotic bacteria are able to modulate general antiviral responsiveness, including barrier functionality and innate and adaptive immune responses. The COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection, has created a need to control and treat this viral infection and its ensuing immunopathology with a variety of approaches; one such approach may involve the administration of probiotic bacteria. As with most viral infections, its pathological responses are not fully driven by the virus, but are significantly contributed to by the host's immune response to viral infection. The potential adoption of probiotics in the treatment of COVID-19 will have to appreciate the fine line between inducing antiviral immunity without over-provoking immune inflammatory responses resulting in host-derived immunopathological tissue damage. Additionally, the effect exerted on the immune system by SARS-CoV-2 evasion strategies will also have to be considered when developing a robust response to this virus. This review will introduce the immunopathology of COVID-19 and the immunomodulatory effects of probiotic strains, and through their effects on a range of respiratory pathogens (IAV, SARS-CoV, RSV), as well as SARS-CoV-2, will culminate in a focus on how these bacteria can potentially manipulate both infectivity and immune responsiveness via barrier functionality and both innate and adaptive immunity. In conclusion, the harnessing of induction and augmentation of antiviral immunity via probiotics may not only act as an ingestible adjuvant, boosting immune responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 infection at the level of barrier integrity and innate and adaptive immunity, but also act prophylactically to prevent infection and enhance protection afforded by current vaccine regimens.
益生菌能够调节一般的抗病毒反应，包括屏障功能以及固有免疫和适应性免疫反应。由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染导致的2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行，使得需要采用多种方法来控制和治疗这种病毒感染及其随之而来的免疫病理学问题；其中一种方法可能涉及施用益生菌。与大多数病毒感染一样，其病理反应并非完全由病毒驱动，宿主对病毒感染的免疫反应也起到了重要作用。在COVID-19治疗中潜在采用益生菌将必须认识到在诱导抗病毒免疫而不过度激发免疫炎症反应导致宿主源性免疫病理组织损伤之间的微妙界限。此外，在制定针对这种病毒的有效应对措施时，还必须考虑SARS-CoV-2逃避策略对免疫系统产生的影响。本综述将介绍COVID-19的免疫病理学以及益生菌菌株的免疫调节作用，并通过它们对一系列呼吸道病原体（甲型流感病毒、SARS-CoV、呼吸道合胞病毒）以及SARS-CoV-2的影响，最终聚焦于这些细菌如何通过屏障功能以及固有免疫和适应性免疫潜在地控制感染性和免疫反应性。总之，通过益生菌诱导和增强抗病毒免疫不仅可以作为一种可口服的佐剂，在屏障完整性以及固有免疫和适应性免疫水平上增强对SARS-CoV-2感染的免疫反应，还可以起到预防感染的作用，并增强当前疫苗方案所提供的保护。
