Dogancay Kutluyil, Hmam Hatem
UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Jul 9;23(14):6254. doi: 10.3390/s23146254.
This paper develops a new time difference of arrival (TDOA) emitter localization algorithm in the 3D space, employing conic approximations of hyperboloids associated with TDOA measurements. TDOA measurements are first converted to 1D angle of arrival (1D-AOA) measurements that define TDOA cones centred about axes connecting the corresponding TDOA sensor pairs. Then, the emitter location is calculated from the triangulation of 1D-AOAs, which is formulated as a system of nonlinear equations and solved by a low-complexity two-stage estimation algorithm composed of an iterative weighted least squares (IWLS) estimator and a Taylor series estimator aimed at refining the IWLS estimate. Important conclusions are reached about the optimality of sensor-emitter and sensor array geometries. The approximate efficiency of the IWLS estimator is also established under mild conditions. The new two-stage estimator is shown to be capable of outperforming the maximum likelihood estimator while performing very close to the Cramer Rao lower bound in poor sensor-emitter geometries and large noise by way of numerical simulations.
本文提出了一种新的三维空间到达时间差（TDOA）辐射源定位算法，该算法采用了与TDOA测量相关的双曲面的圆锥近似。首先将TDOA测量转换为一维到达角（1D-AOA）测量，这些测量定义了以连接相应TDOA传感器对的轴为中心的TDOA圆锥。然后，通过对1D-AOA进行三角测量来计算辐射源位置，这被公式化为一个非线性方程组，并通过一种低复杂度的两阶段估计算法求解，该算法由迭代加权最小二乘（IWLS）估计器和旨在细化IWLS估计的泰勒级数估计器组成。得出了关于传感器-辐射源和传感器阵列几何结构最优性的重要结论。在温和条件下还建立了IWLS估计器的近似效率。通过数值模拟表明，新的两阶段估计器在传感器-辐射源几何结构较差且噪声较大的情况下，能够优于最大似然估计器，同时性能非常接近克拉美罗下界。
