CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
Department of Tropical Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
Mol Plant. 2023 Oct 2;16(10):1518-1546. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.07.011. Epub 2023 Jul 27.
The disciplines of evolutionary biology and plant and animal breeding have been intertwined throughout their development, with responses to artificial selection yielding insights into the action of natural selection and evolutionary biology providing statistical and conceptual guidance for modern breeding. Here we offer an evolutionary perspective on a grand challenge of the 21st century: feeding humanity in the face of climate change. We first highlight promising strategies currently under way to adapt crops to current and future climate change. These include methods to match crop varieties with current and predicted environments and to optimize breeding goals, management practices, and crop microbiomes to enhance yield and sustainable production. We also describe the promise of crop wild relatives and recent technological innovations such as speed breeding, genomic selection, and genome editing for improving environmental resilience of existing crop varieties or for developing new crops. Next, we discuss how methods and theory from evolutionary biology can enhance these existing strategies and suggest novel approaches. We focus initially on methods for reconstructing the evolutionary history of crops and their pests and symbionts, because such historical information provides an overall framework for crop-improvement efforts. We then describe how evolutionary approaches can be used to detect and mitigate the accumulation of deleterious mutations in crop genomes, identify alleles and mutations that underlie adaptation (and maladaptation) to agricultural environments, mitigate evolutionary trade-offs, and improve critical proteins. Continuing feedback between the evolution and crop biology communities will ensure optimal design of strategies for adapting crops to climate change.
进化生物学和动植物育种学的学科一直相互交织，相互影响，人工选择的反应为自然选择的作用提供了深入的了解，而进化生物学为现代育种提供了统计和概念上的指导。在这里，我们从进化的角度探讨了 21 世纪的一个重大挑战：在气候变化的情况下养活人类。我们首先强调了目前正在采取的一些有前途的策略，以适应作物当前和未来的气候变化。这些策略包括使作物品种与当前和预测的环境相匹配的方法，以及优化育种目标、管理实践和作物微生物组以提高产量和可持续生产的方法。我们还描述了作物野生近缘种的潜力以及最近的技术创新，如快速育种、基因组选择和基因组编辑，这些方法可以提高现有作物品种的环境适应能力，也可以开发新的作物。接下来，我们讨论了进化生物学的方法和理论如何增强这些现有策略，并提出了新的方法。我们最初关注的是重建作物及其病虫害和共生生物进化历史的方法，因为这些历史信息为作物改良工作提供了一个整体框架。然后，我们描述了如何利用进化方法来检测和减轻作物基因组中有害突变的积累，鉴定适应（和不适应）农业环境的等位基因和突变，减轻进化权衡，并改善关键蛋白质。进化和作物生物学界之间的持续反馈将确保优化设计适应气候变化的作物策略。
