Department of Pathology, Mureş Clinical County Hospital, Târgu Mureş, Romania;
Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2023 Apr-Jun;64(2):135-141. doi: 10.47162/RJME.64.2.02.
Melanoma is a malignant cancer of the skin, the incidence of which has been increasing year by year. This neoplasm has high aggressivity as well as the potential for invasion and metastases. Multiple factors related to the proliferation of this type of tumor have been identified, such as exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and specific genetic backgrounds. From a histological and cytological point of view, the most common cells that are found in melanoma are epithelioid or spindle cells. To confirm the diagnosis and the melanocytic origin of the tumor, specific and sensitive markers are used. Also, observation of the behavior of this cancer, including its proliferative properties, has led to the development of multiple therapies, each of which is characteristic of the pathological stage at the time of diagnosis. While surgery is the most important therapeutic and curative option in cases of melanoma in situ, chemotherapy has been the main treatment for advanced stages of melanoma for many years. However, recently, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have changed the approach to treatment. At present, multiple studies are attempting to obtain further data about the tumor microenvironment and investigating how targeting particular molecules can change the prognosis of patients.
黑色素瘤是一种恶性皮肤癌，其发病率逐年上升。这种肿瘤具有高度侵袭性和转移潜能。已经确定了与这种肿瘤增殖相关的多种因素，例如暴露于紫外线 (UV) 辐射和特定的遗传背景。从组织学和细胞学的角度来看，黑色素瘤中最常见的细胞是上皮样或梭形细胞。为了确认肿瘤的诊断和黑素细胞来源，使用了特定且敏感的标志物。此外，对这种癌症的行为观察，包括其增殖特性，导致了多种治疗方法的发展，每种方法都与诊断时的病理阶段特征有关。虽然手术是原位黑色素瘤最重要的治疗和治愈选择，但多年来，化疗一直是晚期黑色素瘤的主要治疗方法。然而，最近，靶向治疗和免疫疗法改变了治疗方法。目前，多项研究试图获得关于肿瘤微环境的进一步数据，并研究靶向特定分子如何改变患者的预后。
