Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, College of Life Science, and College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
Plant Biotechnol J. 2023 Nov;21(11):2173-2181. doi: 10.1111/pbi.14125. Epub 2023 Jul 31.
Peanut (Arachis) is a key oil and protein crop worldwide with large genome. The genomes of diploid and tetraploid peanuts have been sequenced, which were compared to decipher their genome structures, evolutionary, and life secrets. Genome sequencing efforts showed that different cultivars, although Bt homeologs being more privileged in gene retention and gene expression. This subgenome bias, extended to sequence variation and point mutation, might be related to the long terminal repeat (LTR) explosions after tetraploidization, especially in At subgenomes. Except that, whole-genome sequences revealed many important genes, for example, fatty acids and triacylglycerols pathway, NBS-LRR (nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeats), and seed size decision genes, were enriched after recursive polyploidization. Each ancestral polyploidy, with old ones having occurred hundreds of thousand years ago, has thousands of duplicated genes in extant genomes, contributing to genetic novelty. Notably, although full genome sequences are available, the actual At subgenome ancestor has still been elusive, highlighted with new debate about peanut origin. Although being an orphan crop lagging behind other crops in genomic resources, the genome sequencing achievement has laid a solid foundation for advancing crop enhancement and system biology research of peanut.
花生是全球重要的油料和蛋白作物，基因组庞大。已完成二倍体和四倍体花生基因组测序，通过比较揭示其基因组结构、进化和生命奥秘。基因组测序研究表明，不同品种间虽然 Bt 同源基因在基因保留和基因表达方面更具优势，但这种亚基因组偏向性还扩展到序列变异和点突变，可能与四倍体化后长末端重复（LTR）的爆发有关，尤其是在 At 亚基因组中。此外，全基因组序列揭示了许多重要基因，例如脂肪酸和三酰基甘油代谢途径、NBS-LRR（核苷酸结合位点-富含亮氨酸重复）和种子大小决定基因等，在反复的多倍化过程中得到了富集。每个祖先多倍体的发生都可追溯到几十万年前，现存基因组中存在数千个复制基因，为遗传创新做出了贡献。值得注意的是，尽管已经获得了完整的基因组序列，但实际的 At 亚基因组祖先仍然难以捉摸，这突出了关于花生起源的新争论。尽管作为一个孤儿作物，花生在基因组资源方面落后于其他作物，但基因组测序的成功为推进花生作物改良和系统生物学研究奠定了坚实的基础。
