Waegell Mordecai, Cohen Eliahu, Elitzur Avshalom, Tollaksen Jeff, Aharonov Yakir
Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866.
Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Aug 8;120(32):e2018437120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2018437120. Epub 2023 Jul 31.
Physical interpretations of the time-symmetric formulation of quantum mechanics, due to Aharonov, Bergmann, and Lebowitz are discussed in terms of weak values. The most direct, yet somewhat naive, interpretation uses the time-symmetric formulation to assign eigenvalues to unmeasured observables of a system, which results in logical paradoxes, and no clear physical picture. A top-down ontological model is introduced that treats the weak values of observables as physically real during the time between pre- and post-selection (PPS), which avoids these paradoxes. The generally delocalized rank-1 projectors of a quantum system describe its fundamental ontological elements, and the highest-rank projectors corresponding to individual localized objects describe an emergent particle model, with unusual particles, whose masses and energies may be negative or imaginary. This retrocausal top-down model leads to an intuitive particle-based ontological picture, wherein weak measurements directly probe the properties of these exotic particles, which exist whether or not they are actually measured.
基于弱值讨论了由阿哈罗诺夫、伯格曼和莱博维茨提出的量子力学时间对称表述的物理解释。最直接但有点天真的解释是使用时间对称表述为系统未测量的可观测量赋予本征值，这会导致逻辑悖论，且没有清晰的物理图像。引入了一种自上而下的本体模型，该模型在预选和后选（PPS）之间的时间内将可观测量的弱值视为物理实在，从而避免了这些悖论。量子系统通常非定域化的秩 - 1 投影算符描述了其基本本体元素，对应于单个局域对象的最高秩投影算符描述了一种涌现的粒子模型，其中存在不寻常的粒子，其质量和能量可能为负或为虚数。这种逆因果的自上而下模型导致了一种基于粒子的直观本体图像，其中弱测量直接探测这些奇异粒子的性质，无论它们是否被实际测量，这些粒子都存在。
